I'l.l'I.M: 



PEL>KU 



! 



_ MltaH that they were husband and 

 wile ; J indicate* that they had children ; i under 

 a Mnwmpdftoi thai the neoon had children. M- ' 

 at* frequently indlcute.1 M .mall square., women 

 to obdea or kwoagnv All penon* of the *ame 

 are to be kept in Uw MAW borUonUl 



,.. Uw main line of descent . wherct.r 

 , to be indicated by keeping the Mece*aive 

 in a vertical column. Continuous line* in- 

 I of Uw different generation*. 

 . of Uw Mine family are generally 

 in their order of birth in two group* 

 ir*t. ami then the daughter*; but wh.-ic 

 or mother ha* children by more 

 Uwtl on* marriage, the children of each marriage 

 I te form di*t incl group*. The actual arrange 

 ., however, of a pedigree most always depend 

 OH Uw leading object which it i* intended to illus- 

 trate. Specimen* may be *een in the article* 



KX APART* and Hot KIKIV 



Tabular Kenealojriea. generally brief, and meant 

 to illu.tr.u- mow particular claim of right, are 

 fomd among Uw record*, public and private, of the 

 early middle **: bat after the incorporation of 

 Uw Bngtfch Herald.' College far more attention 

 wa* devoted to the compilation of |>edigree of 

 e particularly with reference to their 

 to dignilic* and heraldic insignia. In the 

 of the liitli century the heralds obtained 

 ropie* of all *uch account* of the Knglish families 

 of any distinction a* could he supplied to them. 

 and entered them in the honks which contain the 

 of their official proceedings. Koyal com- 

 iwifd till 17m to the two provincial 

 empowering them to visit in turn 

 Uw Mnreral counties of England, in order to collect 

 from Uw principal person* of each comity an account 

 of Uw oWuMe* which had taken plnM in their re 

 HiBBtlre tamili in the intcr>al -nice the last pre- 

 ceding viaiMlion. and to inouire what ai-count 

 .u of tliemwlven liy families who had 



1. the rank of gentry, or had become 

 in the county -in.-e that iicriod. The 

 ngbtar-booka Iwpt by the heralds ami their aaaist- 

 anu eontain the peiligree* and arm* collected in 

 Uw eoar nf the >i-i'ati..n- wild the signatun-H 

 of Uw bea.1. of the (amilie. See IlKKAl.l.lO . \ ol. 

 V. p. 680. 



>tl ind, in the absence of the regular syitem 

 of viHUti.Hi* which |>revaile<l in Kngland. 

 a great deal of evidence reganling the |~-.ligreei of 

 Uw kbtorieal fno!i.- of the nun: -I here 



and there in public and private MUMtioaa, inclml 

 ing Uw AdvomlM' Ubrmry and l.yon < >i> 

 rnjriitei of mnmlagim exuta in tin- l.yon nth. ,- 

 in which the pnligrent of applicant*, aft.-r b.-mg 

 pnwed 10 Uw eati*fwUon of the hernhhc ...uthori 

 twa, arc lawrtod with the accompanying evidence ; 

 nd Uw RtKbler f Arm* contain* MOB \alu.ibl.- 

 information. To what rienl the i.-gi-t.-t of g.-ne 

 aloRim in Uw l.yon Office may he admitted ai> a 

 probative document, conclwive of the fnct. which 

 it vU forth, ha. not been ascertained by actual 

 I; but there can lie no doubt that, in 

 i U.th *> to pt..|-it\ and honour*, it >\onld 

 I a* a mot important ndmiBiola of pi.>i 



Nw MM warin of H,, It rn.r-l llurk. (,,.r I > 

 ' i (.*.)( l>orle. Offifl Ham*,,,' 



Tl>r 



Offttlmftemm ( IKS I j i; ItainrM, Vaimlar 



~ 0, Art / f^ignt.mMg (Bdta. tM6); 



(1MB); 



M ed. 



(Bdta. tM6); Krc. 

 (1MB); Whltmorr. tk, 



(IMS; M ed. IW8); 

 tu firuml^tm Amrritmmm ( 1MB). 



the trianxvlar (iiare over th< i- 

 al Ike end. of the roof of cla-ic l.n 



It may be called the calili- of da-M.- linililin^>, .-unl 

 i frequently fiirirlnil with M-nlptiin*. for which it 

 fornw a 6ne'i>etting. SeeGKKKK /UtCHrTBCTUBS. 

 Pedlan. See HAWKKKS. 



IVll ...... -(T. in il IlllCtll foi in.-a-illin^ 



wnlkiiiu dixtancea. It Imx a dial whirh i.-.-.n.U 

 ifVolntiotiH of the meohaoUni ; anil the nn-i-lianisni 

 i. ^''in'rally urtimtcil liy tin- rclatJM' inuM-ini-iit of 

 a i-..iM|iarativcly hravy Mupended ina~- atti-mlanl 

 on eacn xt<-|>. though in sonic forms it i.s driven !> 

 a cord connirtcil with the fiHit. In all cases the 

 thing meAKured U the nuinlier of st<-|>s rather than 

 the distance walked ; and the utter iinisl lin<l the 

 true meaning of the reailings of the a]>|>aiatns ILH 

 .-ippliiil to his own walking. An instrument at 

 tached to the wheel of a carriage BO as t<> maik the 

 number of revolutions of the wheel and so tin- di- 

 tance traversed U called hodometer or otlmin-tfr 

 (Or. hodot, 'way,' and metron, 'uieoRiire'). This 

 in usually a train of wheelwork attached to the 

 axle of the carriage, and communicating motion to 

 an index on a dial. A similar instrument, ca'.led a 

 cyclometer, w attached to bicycles ami trieyeles. 

 filename odometer is also given to awheel used 

 by surveyors, which records the distances in miles 

 or rods. 



Pedro I., emperor of lirozil (1 70S- 1 822), 

 second son of John VI. of Portugal, fled to I'.r.i/il 

 with his parents on Na|Hileon's invasion of I'oi 

 tnual, ana liocame piince -rejient of Brazil on his 

 father's return to PortogaL For the proclamation 

 of Hrazilian inde|M-nilence and sulweqiient histon. 

 ..... r.l:\/n. 1'Kimii II.. liixson. liorn 3d I>i-cemlM-t 

 IS-J.'i, iMvame kinj; in IS.'U on his lather's alidiea 

 lion. WM declared of age in 1H-4H. and, distinguished 

 by \\i love of learnirif; and Bimiile scholarly (ji>tes. 

 reigned over Hra/il in ]>eaci' until the sudden 

 revolution of November 15, 1889, compelled him to 

 withdraw to Kurope. where he lived, mainly in 

 France, Brazil becoming u rypuhlic under the name 

 of 'I'liited Siat.-s of Brazil.' He died at I'aris, 

 .Mil I),-.-euil-r 1S91. See Life by Moss6 (1889). 



Pedro the Cruel, king of Castile ami I.e..-.. 



wan the onlv legitimate son of Alfonso XI., anil 

 was born Hi l!ni^,.-. :tnth August l:t:M. On his 

 father's death ( I.ViOi 1'i-dio s ..... -ceded to the throne 

 without o|.|K>sitioii, hut left the whole exercise of 

 ]M.wer t.> his mother, llonna Maria of Portugal, and 

 Alhii(|uerijiie. his father's prime-ininistei .-in, I chan- 

 cellor. lint liy the instigation of his ini-ti.--- 

 ( afterwards his <|ueen ), Marie de 1'adilla. 1'edro 

 I'liiuiieipiilcd himself in 1 .'(.">.'{ from the guidance of 

 the olleen mother. lie- now ohtailied exeeiiling 

 |nipnlaritv ; liul the strict justice with which he 

 Mokhdall causes IH-I ween the rich and poor, the 

 -mil the laity, combined will] a haughty and 

 ini|ierioiiH carriage towiuds ihein, alienatiKl from 

 him the noMes and der^v. The plottiiiLjs m" 

 Albnqoerqne, who had llc.l t<i Portugal, having 

 culminated (I.Vvi) in a revolt in Kstrcmadura, 

 I'lnlro matehixl against the reljels, hut w:is 

 betrayed by his brother Henry and taken 

 Escaping, he found himself speedily at 

 the head of a |Miwerful army, with which, despite 

 1 1 ..... MOmmnniOadoO of the pope, he speedily 

 reduced hi> op|Hineiit to suhmitwion. I'.ul having 

 iny^l liy 



liy his n'lativn, and even by his 

 mother, he hecniiie suspicious of every oin- : and 

 of hi- reign was devoted to ihe 



lion oi the |Mier of the great vassals, the estab 

 lihinent of his on authority on the ruins of their 

 fendnl tyrtimi\. and long continued and bloiMly 

 warn with the kingdoms of Aragon mid ( Iraniida. 

 He owe the epithet Cruel mainly to the murder 

 of bin brother Don |-'ndric|iie In I.ViH. lint he 

 i still often i-alleil in Spain 'the Justiciary,' 

 from remembrance of liis Vtte.r qualities. The 



