PEDUNCLE 



PEEL 



people were in general well anil justly governed, 

 nut the heavy taxes imposed to maintain the 

 cost of his long wars with Aragon and Granada 

 dissipated his popularity. Henry, who had tied 

 to France, now seizing the favourable opportun- 

 ity, returned (1366) at the head of a body of 

 exiles, backed by Bertrand dn Guesclin (q.v.) with 

 an army of mercenaries, and aided by Aragon, 

 France, and the |>ope. Pedro, however, by great 

 promises of territory and money, prevailed upon 

 Edward the Black Prince to espouse his cause. 

 Hi 1 ward invaded Castile in the spring of 1367, 

 totally defeated Henry and Du Guesclin at Navar- 

 rete ( 13th April), taking the latter prisoner. But 

 the king disgusted his chivalrous ally by his 

 cruelty to the vanquished, anil paid no heed to his 

 remonstrances ; Edward accordingly repassed the 

 Pyrenees, and left the misguided monarch to his 

 fate. The whole kingdom groaned under his 

 cruelties ; rebellions broke out everywhere ; and, 

 in autumn 1367, Henry returned with 400 lances, 

 the people immediately flocking to his standard. 

 1'i-dro's scanty and ill -disciplined forces, including 

 many Saracens, were routed at Montiel ( 14tn 

 March 1369), and himself compelled to retire for 

 safety within the town, whence he was treacher- 

 ously decoyed and captured by Du Guesclin. He 

 was carried to a tent, where a single combat took 

 place between him and Henry, in which Pedro was 

 slain, 23d March 1369. See Prosper Merimee's 

 monograph (1848; 2d ed. 1865; Eng. trans. 1849). 



Peduncle. See FLOWER. 



Peeblesshire. r TWKKODALE, a southern 

 county of Srotlund, Inmnded by Edinburgh, Sel- 

 kirk, Dumfries, and Lanark shires. Irregular in 

 outline, it has a maximum length and breadth of 

 29 and 21 miles, and an area of 356 sq. m. or 

 227,869 acres. The Tweed, rising in the extreme 

 south, winds 36 miles north-north eastward and 

 ward, descending therein from 1 500 to 450 feet ; 

 mid from it the surface rises into big, round, grassy 

 hills Windlestraw Law (2161 feet), Mincnmoor 

 .ii), Hartfell (2651), Broad Law (2754), &c. 

 Among the Tweed's numberless affluents are Talla, 

 IJiggiir, Lyne, Manor, Eddleston, Leithen, and 

 Juair Waters; and St Mary's Loch touches the 

 southern boundary. Less than one-lifteenth of the 

 entire area is under corn and root crops ; but 

 nearly 200,000 sheep graze on the hillsides 

 The antiquities include over fifty hill-forts, the 

 ' Itomanno terraces,' a Homan camp at Lyne, the 

 ruined castles of Neidpath and Drochil, and the 

 old mansion of Traquoir ; whilst 4 miles SW. of 

 IVfhles is the cottage of Davie Ritchie, the ' Black 

 [twarf ' ( 1740-1811 ). Peebles and Inncrleithen are 

 the only towns. The county unites with Selkirk- 

 shire to return one member. Pop. ( 1801 ) 8735 ; 

 ( 1841 ) 10,499 ; ( 1881 ) 13,822 ; ( 1891 ) 14,761. 



PEEBLES, the pleasant county town, stands on 

 the left bank of the Tweed, 22 miles S. of Edin- 

 burgh. It has a new parish church ( 1887) and live 

 other modern churches ; the Chambers Institution 

 (1859), with library, museum, &c., in the old house 

 of the Yester and Queenslierry families ; a hydro- 

 pathic (IHMI); a public parkfl887); tweed-niann- 

 factures ; and the tower of St Andrew's Church 

 (1196), restored in 1882 by Dr William Chambers 

 (q.v.), who rests beneath its shadow. Mungo Park 

 was a surgeon here. Peebles was made a royal 

 burgh in 1367, and till 1832 returned one member. 

 Pop. I 1WI | 2045 : I IHSI , :U!I5 : ( 1891) 47(14. 



Nee Dr A. Pennienik'n fietcri ptinn of Tvxtddnle (3d 

 e<l. 1875), Dr W. Chambers' Hatory of Pecbltsxhirr 

 <1H4|, Dr John Brown'* Minchmoor (1864), and 

 Charter* of Peehlet ( 1873). 



Pe"l, a coast town of the Isle of Man, 11$ miles 

 by rail N\V. of Douglas. On Peel Hill (450 feet) 



is a tower called Corrin's Folly ; and on an island 

 sheltering the harbour stand the beautiful ruins of 

 Peel Castle, celebrated by both Scott and Words- 

 worth. It dates from the 12th century, but was 

 mainly rebuilt by the fourth Earl of Derby in 1593. 

 St German's Cathedral, a cruciform ruin, with a 

 crypt and low central tower, is included in its area. 

 Fishing is Peel's chief industry, hut as a watering- 

 place attracts yearly more and more .visitors. 

 Pop. ( 1861 ) 2848 ; ( 1881 ) 4360 ; ( 1891 ) 3631. 



Peel, SIR ROBERT, statesman, was born on 

 5th February 1788, near Bury in Lancashire. His 

 father, Sir Robert Peel ( 1750-1830, created a baronet 

 in 1800), was a wealthy cotton-spinner, from whom 

 he inherited a great fortune. He was educated at 

 Harrow, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where Ill- 

 took a double first in 1808, and entered the House 

 of Commons in 1809 as member for Cashel, adopt 

 ing the strong Tory politics of his father. Perceval 

 was then prime-minister. Peel set quietly about 

 the business-work of the House, feeling his way 

 with that steady prudence and persevering dili- 

 gence that were the conspicuous features of his 

 character. In 1811 he was appointed Under- 

 secretary for the Colonies; and from 1812 to 1818 

 he held the office of Secretary for Ireland. In this 

 capacity he displayed a strong anti-Catholic spirit 

 (whence the witty Irish gave him the nickname of 

 ' Orange-Peel '), and was in consequence so fiercely 

 attacked by O'Connell that even the cool and 

 cautions Secretary was stung into sending the agi- 

 tator a challenge. The police, however, prevented 

 the duel from taking place. From 1818 till 1822 

 Peel remained out of office, but not out of parlia- 

 ment, where he sat for the university of Oxford. 

 He now began to acquire a reputation as a financier 

 and economist, and in 1819 was appointed chair- 

 man of the Bank Committee, and moved the 

 resolutions which led to the resumption of cash- 

 payments. He was still as averse as ever to 

 anything like religious or political reform. No 

 jneml>er of the Liverpool-Castlereagh cabinet could 

 have been to appearance more resolute ; he even 

 vehemently defended the ' Peterloo Massacre ' 

 of 1819. In 1822 he re-entered the ministry as 

 Home Secretary Canning shortly after becoming 

 Foreign Secretary, on the suicide of Lord Castle- 

 reagh. The two' worked together pretty well for 

 some time, as Peel devoted himself chiefly to 

 financial matters, and especially to the currency ; 

 but ' Roman Catholic emancipation ' was a question 

 on which Canning was considerably in advance of 

 his brother-secretary ; and when the former was 

 railed upon by the king, after the resignation of 

 Lord Liverpool, to form a sort of Whi^-Tory 

 ministry, Peel, along with the Duke of Wellington 

 and others, withdrew from office. Yet it is singu- 

 larly characteristic of this most honest statesman 

 that even when he seceded (1827) his opinions 

 were veering round to the liberal and generous 

 view of the claims of Roman Catholics ; and when 

 the death of Canning, shortly after, led to the 

 formation of the Wellington-Peel government, its 

 great measure actually introduced by ' Orange- 

 Peel ' himself was the ever-memorable one for the 

 ' relief ' of the Roman Catholics (1829). As Home 

 Secretary he also signalised himself by a reorgan- 

 isation of the London police force (since popularly 

 called 'Peelers' and 'Bobbies'), and by the intro- 

 duction of several other important measures. 



Meanwhile, the university of Oxford had rejected 

 its apostate representative, and chosen in bis stead 

 Sir Harry Inglis. And now came on the great 

 question of parliamentary reform, which Peel 

 firmly but temperately opposed. In 1830 the 

 W r ellington-Peel ministry fell, and was succeeded 

 by a Whig ministry under Earl Grey, which, in 

 1832, carried the Reform Bill. Peel (now, by the 



