u 



1'KLARGONIUM 



PELASG1ANS 



the Aognatinian writing in tffoMim to Pelagius, 

 wm > MHO* moolu of the -out hern provinces of 

 Gaul. and (MweUllr of Mai-.-ill.-. w hen,-.- their 

 l WM called Mawilmn. fnun the I-atin name 



li'i) of tlmt --itv. Of these leaders the chief 

 a prir*t named Caian (Joannes Ca--ianu-i. 

 who had born a deacon at Constantinople. i If tin; 

 mtera which he propounded it may lie enough to 

 ay that it upheld the sufficiency of man's natural 

 power* only no far a* regards the firat act of con- 

 vention t-> God and tin- initial act of man's repent- 

 anee for -in. Kvery man naturally possesses the 

 rapahility of lieginnlng the work of self -con version ; 

 bat for all ulterior acto, ax well aa for the com- 

 pletion <>f justification, the assistance of God's 

 grace u indispensable. The Semi- Pelagian doctrine 

 M often confounded with that of the Molinistic (see 



.vl-whoolof Koman Catholic theology: but 

 there in one enential difference. The latter per- 

 Mently maintain the necessity of grace for all 

 mpernatnral act*, even for the beginning of con- 

 veidon. although they are generally represented 

 if agreeing with the Semi Pelagians an to the 

 mode of explaining the freedom of tin- liuinan will 

 .vtina under the iutlucncc of divine grace. The 

 chief writer* in the eontrovemv were Prosper, 

 Hilary, and Kulgentius : and tin- i|in tion was 

 lefeiieJ to Celestine. I'.i-hop of Home ill 431. It 

 nmtinneil. however, to be agitated in the \Vi--t for 

 a coiwiderable time. Fanntus. lii-hop of Keji ( Hie/. 

 in the Banea Aloes), towards the end of the 5th 

 century revived the error, and it was condemned in 

 a council held at Arlea in 475, ami 'till Inter in a 

 ynod (the eacond) held at Aniu-io (-Orange) in 

 .145. and again in the third council of Valence in 

 530. The words of Augustine were formally 

 eeepted ; but the tendency which produced Pela- 

 Kianum and Senii-Pelagianism has often reappeared. 

 SM wocki on PeUcioi by Wiggen (1KK!; truu. by 

 rinn, Awlorer. 1840 ) ; Jwobi (T W2 1 ; Wi.rt.-r ( 1866 ) ; 

 IfliM (18821; for Seim-PrUcunuui, the monograph of 

 OdfkB (1836); alio th article* AtorsrmE, JANSENISM, 

 r*B*aeBT1KAT10X, 8l>, WlLI. 



Prlartconllim. ag'mt-of plant- of the natural 

 order (ieraniareiv, including many of the most 

 fnv.mrite greenhouse How-en., to which the old 

 geaifit name Geranium i- often [.opnlarlv given. 

 The character* which distinguish paUrgoninn from 

 geraniam. a now i.--u>. t.-,| l,\ iHiiiini-i-. an> ^I\.-M 

 in the article I.KKKMI M Tli- -|-.'i.- aie inimer- 

 MI-. and miKtly imtiw* of the (';,]. ,,f (,,! ||O|M-, 

 of certain other pnrl of S..mli Africa, and a few 

 an- native* of the Canary Nlaiid- Some of them 

 arr bcrhaeKMU and mine are Htemlem ; moftt of 

 them are half nhnit.l.y. Some have mU-roiiK root- 

 tnrlu. The IMVM exhibit treat variety in form, 

 ilirMon, A : ilowen alwayn adhere to a 

 rvrtain l>|e in form, but with freat variet> in 

 *, e..!....- Ley are alwayx in Ui)ked 



mhela. which arie from the axil- of the leaven, 

 or In the t-ml~ kin.l- fnun III- nii.l-t of the 

 Iwvaa In no irwiu. ba the art of the k iirdener 

 prodMsd More Mrikini; reulu than in tin 

 Uw amber of beMWa] hvl.ridn and varidi.--. i. 

 very great, WMno of tliem ex.-.-llin- in iN-nuty any 

 ..f the orixinal |i-n^. Some Hiiecieo not |Mimeling 

 ninch bmuty of flower am cultivated for the grate- 

 ful ..I.Mir of tli^it Imveii. whirh in ,- r ... ..... \ 



that of rmx*. in olhrm (hut of apple*, leniotix. \e. ; 

 whiM that nl mmiv >prrin i. rather nnpleaxant. 

 TVralliraiion of i-I.Ar k iinium in nimilar to that 

 of other (ienuriamr (- CKRAMfM). A f<-w of 

 the merlin eiKlnre the open air in the M , n th of 

 W*gjnd ; many are planted out in nmii-r vm 

 in Krotland. \Va^r miwt be liberally .iipplied 

 to pelanpmiam* daring the time of flowerinc : lt 

 a plant* more -tomk-ly repair* a peti..l of 

 and water wet the* be very parin^lv - 



The hrnbby and mih-shrnlilty kinds are ensily in- 

 creased l.y OOttlngl either of the liranches or th.- 

 roots, tout pieces of the latter lieinc the T> 

 lit for the purpose. Sandy -oil mill very moderate 

 supplies of wat<?r are requisite till the cuttings :n- 

 riMited. when richer soil and a more lilwrul supply 

 of water are needed. The tnlierous-rooted Bpecii- 

 are increased by cuttings of the root- and ).> 

 seed. 



IVlasi:iails. a term somewhat variously n 

 For certain inhabitants of ancient Ureeca In 

 Homer the Pclasgi seem to hii\.' U-cn an unim- 

 lirtant tribe living in Thessaly. Herodotus -.-. i.i- 

 to regard the Pela-gi not ii- Hellenic, hut as 

 Iwirliarians who had occupied II el his or part 

 of it ere the Hellenes came thither (see tilth i 

 Vol. V. p. 386). Modern students lune al-o 

 interpreted the term differently. Some regard 

 the Pelasgians as the pre-Arvan occupants oi 

 Greece, others as the (Ira-co-ltnliaii- i..-. tin- 

 common ancestors of the Greeks and Italians. 

 The truth is that we know little or nothing of 

 the pre-Aryan occupants of Greece, or of tl>.- 

 Gnvco-ltjvlians, or of the hnilders of Cyclopean 

 works, and that there are no reasons for identifying 



, 



any of them with the insignificant tril.e of PeUiRL 

 Tlien 'Cyclopean' (or less frequently PekagUu ') 



is a name applied to certain arrhitrctiiral works 

 in Greece, which probably date from before KKKI 

 B.C., and are wholly unconnected in tHiint of 

 evolution with any style of Greek architecture 

 subsequently developed. The characteristic which 

 distinguishes Cyclopean work from any other form 

 of architecture is that it consists of huge polyg ..... il 

 stones, which may or may not be so arranged a- 

 to fit into one another witliout interstice- requiring 

 lesser stones to fill them up, but which are always 

 hewn and are always kept in their places not Eg 

 means of mortar or any other binding substance. 

 but by their own great weight. On the other hand, 

 work 'of this kind L- not necessarily ancient : other 

 considerations than the nature' of the work itself are 

 requisite to date it. Nor is it confined to (Ireece: 

 similar remains are to IM- found in Kgypt, Asia 

 Minor. Sicily, Sardinia. Spain, Ac., a- well a- in 

 Greece and Italy. The most important ancient 

 Cyclo|an works in (Ireece are the walls of Tiryns, 

 I'-ophis, and Myecnie, the l.ion (late and so called 

 TiiMsuries (graves) of the hitter place, and a 

 ipiobable) temple on Mount Ocha. These Cyclo- 

 pean walls (especially at Tiryns) were HI thick 

 as to allow galleries to be run lengthwise through 

 them. At Tirx-ns window like openings look down 

 from these galleries on to the town. That these 

 galleries served the purposes of fortification in some 

 way is clear, but in what way is not clear. The 

 walls are broken bv gates, of which the licst know n 

 is the celeluat.-d l.ion Hate at Mycena'. In this 

 form of doorway, in order to relieve the pie me 

 on the lintel (wliich rest- horizontally on the per- 

 pendicular stone door|Ki>ts). a triangular space i- 

 left aUive the lintel, and this space is tilliMl. in the 

 caw- of the l.ion (late, with a -la!., on which ai< 

 nenlptuied the figure- of two animals (not lion- 1 . 

 rampant. OM. on cither side of a pillar. This quasi 

 heraldic device is undoubtedly of oriental origin, or 

 imitnt'-d from some Assyrian model, l.ut proves 

 nothing a.- to the origin of the architecture or its 

 builder*. The same means for relic* ing the j.ri in.- 

 on the lintel i-. employed in ancient remains in ( 'orn- 

 wall. The Treasuries or tombs are underground 

 chamber* in the shajx- of Ix-e hives, vaulted with 

 oi er lapping stones, and approached by a narrow 

 pawage through the niile of the hill in which they 

 -ituatod. The intetioi was ornamented with 

 plates of Itron/e attached to the masonry. The 

 tenn CyclojM'iin was applied l.y the Greeks to this 

 kind of architecture on the strength of the popular 



