PKMH1NA 



PKN 



Maud. It IB under the same administration as the 

 real of the Zanzibar Protectorate. 



I'fiiiliina. 11 -i(y I pop. !>. '-".i '. caiiital of 

 Pcmhma county, North Dakota, on the Red River of 

 tin- North, at the mouth of the Pembina Kiver. 

 Bv rail it i- i.s mil.- S\V. of Winni|'g and 293 

 N\V. of St Paul ; and its position makes it worthy 

 of notice, as on the north it murk- the boundary 

 line between Manitoba and the I'nited States, 

 while on the east only the Red River separates it 

 from Minnesota. 



Pembroke, the county town of Pembrokeshire, 

 on a navigable creek of Milford Haven, 9 miles \V. 

 of Tenby and 80 W. by N. of Cardiff. On the 

 extremity of the ridge on which the town is built 

 stands Pembroke Castle, founded in 1094 by 

 Arnulf de Montgomery, a very' imposing ruin, 

 with a Norman keep '75 feet high and 52 in 

 diameter. Beneath is a huge natural cavern, 70 by 

 00 feet. The birthplace of Henry VII., this castle 

 in 1648 was taken by Cromwell after a six weeks' 



MO:,'K!.HI Pti.'M . v. nli is- Hess I >ecorated 



choir, is another interesting structure. The Pem- 

 broke district of boroughs, returning one member, 

 roni price* Pembroke, Milfonl, Tenhy. \\ i-ton, and 

 also (since 1885) Haverfordwest, Fishguard, and 

 Narberth. Pembroke for more than four centuries 

 ha* given the title of earl to tin 4 Ilou->' of llerlicrt 

 (q.v.). At Pembroke Dock, or Pater, 'Jt miles 

 north-west, is the naval dockyard and arsenal, 

 established in 1814. It embraces an area of 70 

 acres, and since 1861 has been fortified at a cost of 

 more than a quarter of a million. Pop. of Pem- 

 broke (I Ml) 15,071; (1881) 16,330; of Pembroke 

 Dock (1801) 10,190; (1891) 10,481. 



Pembrokeshire, a maritime county of South 

 W|, the westernmost of the Principality. 

 Measuring 90 l.v -i~> miles, it has an area of 611 

 sq. m., or 391,181 acres, of which three- fourths is 

 arable. The coast-line is much of it rugged and 

 precipitous; and inland the surface is undtilaiing, 

 green hills alternating with fertile valleys, ami 

 attaining a maximum altitude of I7~>4 feet in the 

 Precelly range, winch travel--.", the north of the 

 county from mot to west. Rivers are the Teili, 

 separating Penihrokhire from Cardigan, and the 

 East and the West ( 'Milan. The rocks are largely 

 Silurian ; tlie soil varies much ill quality: anil 

 coal, slate, lead, and iron have been worked. St 

 David'h I 'at li.-dr.il and luilf -a-do/en m.-din-val castles 

 make up the antiquities with Ogam in-cin.ii.ni-. 

 iMolithic implements, and Roman coin-. At II 

 fordwmt and Tenby a colony of Flemings was 

 Mtahli.he.1 ill IIO7'. They adopted the English 

 tongue; and Pembrokeshire, or 'Little England 

 heyind Wales,' is now mer imire than half it area 

 inhal>iu>d by an English s|>eaking |>pulation, 

 although it U the remotest of all the \Vcl-h 

 eonntie*. It was harried by Owen i.lendow.. ,., 

 1406; and on d February' 1797 it witnessed the 

 last French invasion, when 600 regulars and HOO 

 ganl-binls landed near Kishgiiard, only to surrender 

 iiiixiri'liii'iiiiilly t4i -ome militia and yeomanry 

 under Ixird Cawdor. Pcml>rok.-*hire returns one 

 member Pop. (1801) 56.2KO ; (1841) 88,044; 

 (1881) 91,824; (1891) K9.125. See Fenton's //,. 

 tonnil Tn*r thm.,h I'rmbmkut, , , . , IMI 



r< mmlrnn. This was originally a North 

 American Indian preparation only, hut it was in- 

 troduced into tin. lltni.h navy victualling yards in 

 order to supply arctic e\|N<dition* with an easily 

 preserved food, contnining the largest amount of 

 nutriment in the smnlh-t space. A- mode l.v the 

 Indiana, it consist* of the lean poition. of \eiii>..n 

 dried in the ..in. or wind, and then |.,.ind.-d into a 

 paste anil lightly pri-wl into cake ; sometimes a 

 few fruit* of AmtUamUtr ovata are added to 



improve the flavour. It will keep l.c a very long 

 time uninjured. That made for the arctic voyagers 

 was chiclly of beef. In making ]>emmican it i- 

 neoeoaary to remove the fat completely. 



Pemphigus or PoMi'iKU.rx. l..']..n-- to that 

 order of skin diseases which is characterised by an 

 eruption of large vesicles, tilled with serous fluid, 

 and known as Imlltr. The disease occurs hoth 

 in the acute and in the chronic form. In a mild 

 case of acute pemphigus, bull;i-. or Kli-tcrs, from 

 the size of a fjea to that of a chestnut, appear in 

 succession (cliielly on the extremitie-), ami having 

 continued three or lour .lays break, form a thin 

 scab, and soon heal, unaccompanied with lelnile or 

 inflammatory symptoms. In severe eiu.es there is 

 considerable constitutional disturbance, the hullie 

 are larger, and the scabs heal with ditlicnlty. The 

 chronic form differs mainly from the acute by ii- 

 prolonged continuance. The acute variety cliielly 

 affects children, and has been ascrilied to dentition. 

 errors of diet, &c. ; while the chronic form chiclU 

 attacks aged persons, and is probably dm- to 

 debility and impaired nutrition. The acute form 

 usually requires nothing but cooling medicines and 

 diet, and mild local dressings, such a.- simple ceiat.-. 

 to protect the raw surfaces from exposure to the 

 air. In the chronic form a nutritious diet, with 

 the judicious use of tonics (iron, bark. \-c. ), i- most 

 commonly successful. In obstinate cases arsenic i- 

 sometimes of use. 



Pen, an instrument for writing with a fluid ink. 

 When the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and som>' 

 other ancient nations wrote upon papyrus or parch 

 merit they used a reed pen ( Lat. oaiamtu\ and 

 when they used tablets of wood or stone covered 

 with wax they wrote upon them with a pointed 

 stylus of bronze, bone, or other material. Some of 

 these ancient reed pens have l>een preserved. One, 

 now at Naples, was found in a papyrus at Her.-n 

 laneuin. Heed pens are still the only kind us. d 

 hy the natives of Persia and some neigblH.uring 

 countries. A metal pen does not suit their mode 

 of writing. These reed pens are pointed much in 

 the same way as quills, and are made from the 

 reeds or stems of Pliragmitcs nun inn nix, which is 

 also a British plant, Krin>illin.i Hiirfn>nr,MH\ prob- 

 ably othei -pecic- of this genus. The Chinese and 

 lapaiie-i- w rite with a small brush or hair pencil. 

 Quills are known to have lieen used for writing 

 with as early as the 7th century of our era, hut 

 long after tfiat reed pens also were employed in 

 Kuro]K>an countries. 



M.-tal pens were in use, but probably only to a 

 very limited extent, among the ancient Komam, 

 In the museum at Naples there is a bronze pen, 

 nihlx-d like a modern steel pen, which was found 

 at Pompeii. Another of a somewhat ditl'erent 

 sha|ie was discovered at Herculaiieiiin. liron/e 

 and silver writing pens appear to have 1 n occa- 

 sionally made in the middle ages, but there is little 

 doubt these were more curiosities than articles in 

 general use, and the same may lie said of all metallic 

 it.-ns of more recent date, sometimes referred to in 

 iHH.ks. until we come to the beginning of the Illth 

 century. For centuries licforc that quills wen- 

 universally employed among western nations, and 

 in schools -t.-cl pens were only very partially 

 MiUtitutc.1 for them till about 1S40. 



Perhaps tl arlic-t Knglish metallic pen- ,,f 



which we have anv eeitnin knowledge were some 

 made in I7NO by Mr Harrison, split ring maker, 

 Ilirmingham. for I>r Priestley. They were of sheet 



formed into a tulic and died into -hape, the 

 joining of the metal making the slit. Brass pen- 

 were also made in Kngland liefore the end of last 

 century ; one of thene seems to have Keen in the 

 Strawberry Hill collection of art object* and 



