34 



PENCILS 



PKNIH'LUM 



graphite from them was available it had, in the 

 <MM of tlir larger and purer pi.-r.->. only to lie cut 

 iato aqoare rods of the proper si*e for pencils. In 

 ma 1 at to work up the *ma)ler bit*, cuttings, and 

 da*t of this precious material, Mr \V. Brockedon, 

 in IMS, patented method l>y which he first re- 

 laced these Miiall piece* to |Kiwder, and thru. _l.\ 

 -ill. JIM lint; it t<> great pressure in die* from which 

 air in exhausted, produced a cake as solid and 

 compart a the natural graphite, and equally suit- 

 able for cutting into lead*. For a considerable 

 number of yean pant, owing to the Borrowdale 

 plumbago being worked out, black-lead pencils, as 

 well a* coloured pencil* or crayons, have been 

 made by the process invented about the close of 

 UM 18Ui century by Cont*. of Pan*, which consists 

 in thoroughly mixing the black lead with clay, 

 both bring nrt reduced to a state of fine division 

 and mont carefully purified. The proportions of 

 graphite and clay van- from two of the latter to 

 one of the former (for light hard pencil*) to equal 

 niuUtif the two ingredient- (for the dark soft kind- 1. 

 Water is added to the mixture, which is repeatedly 

 ground, and then placed in canvas liapt and squeezed 

 in a hydraulic or uteam press till it acquires the 

 ooMtstcocy of tilf dough. In this state it is placed 

 in a tmiig metal cylinder, whose bottom is per- 

 forated with aperture* of the proper si/e for the 

 section of the iM-m-il lend* The Mack lead mixture, 

 being in a plastic Mate, is then squeezed out through 

 the aperture* by a plunger into continuous strips or 

 thread*, which are arranged in straight lengths on 

 a board to dry. After being exposed to a slight 

 artificial heat, the >trip* are cut into the usual 

 length* fur pencil*, ami placed in a covered crucible, 

 which it rated to a red heat. When cooled they 

 are ready for use. 



An exteni\e mine of fine graphite was opened 

 at Hogodnlftk in eastern Siberia about I860. 

 Much of ihii black lead is scarcely if at all 

 inferior in quality to that formerly obtained in 

 ('it m herland. Pencil* have been made from tliis 

 graphite in the unmixed *tate, and Faher of Nur- 

 emberg Mill make* line pencil* of it. These have 

 the ord '(traphitc de Hiherie ' (tamped upon 

 them. IHxon'* American graphite peneil. are 

 maile from the plumbago found at Ticonder- 

 on on Ijke (tenrge, bat it is mixed with 

 cly as above described. Workable deposits of 

 graphite are found at several place* in Canada. 

 A food deal of what occur* in tin- township ,,f 

 BMUajrhain. in the province of I/U.-IMV. is iilmost 

 (tire, and i* ma<le into pencil*. For other local- 

 Ua, see BLACK LEAD. 



Tlif wrad iiwd for pencil* i- invariably that 

 of the Virginian or Florida cedar (ner'.lisi 

 MM), hirli. U-iiig Mraight grained and easily rut, 

 is rwnarkahly <-ll -int.-.l f,, r the purpose. Tn 

 of the proper -i/.-. rut out by 



Maorjr, go to make a pencil, the one contain- 

 ia* UM move for the lead l-ing thi.-kcr than the 

 other. After the lend i. inserted the two pi,-, ,-s 

 re glne.1 t.igeihrr. mid then ctit to a round shape 

 lung cutter*. The operation* of cutting 

 nut tm -|re fillet, of wood and rounding tin-in 



th*y are glued are very rapidly performed. 

 ftaiilki are sometime, cat in a hexagonal *ha|>e. 

 Ba^iian the maker'* name, letter* indicating the 

 character of the lead are Mumped upon pen 



iil llriuin th~. .. || ||||, HUM. II, 

 Illlll. Hit. ami F. II ignilitw hard : onoe and twice 

 rapamlMl it nmu harder ami very hard. B taml* 

 for Mark (ami *nfl>. ami. when repeated, for still 

 Marker Mil. the mmt irenemlly useful, means 

 ban! and Mark; while F Mgnili~ fmn. In the 

 I'nit*.! Kuie the Inter* n I differ somewhat, 



are II. Urd \ II .err hsnl : \ VII .,11 

 f Wt : V. very snfti \ VS. Mill ...fuir. 



for deep black shading ; M, medium ; MM, medium 



hard; All! dium Idack. 



Owing t., the iniilti]>licity of processes for repro- 

 ducing |H-ii-iinil-ink iliHwings (see iLl.t STHATKIN ), 

 and the cultivation of that method for book illn- 

 tuition, the black-lead |-ncil in much less UM d 

 now than in the earlier half of the 19th century. 

 DrnwingH in chalk or charcoal, since either material 

 makes u much blacker line, have usually deeper and 

 more effective shading than can be given with IM-II- 

 cil. Still, a finiidied drawing in black lead I>y a 

 skillexl hand has charms of its own, and it in to 1* 

 regretted that so few of these of any importance, 

 are now made by artists of high standing. 



Coloured pencils are made with ordinary pig- 

 ment* e.g. Prussian blue and chrome yellow for 

 their respective colours mixed with white wax 

 and tallow or with gum and tallow, clay being 

 sometimes added ; but none of these coloured pre- 

 parations are heated like those made of graphite 

 and clay. Copying and ink pencils are made of a 

 mnrentrated solution of an aniline violet addrd to 

 H mixture of graphite and China clay. For some 

 kinds gum is added, and in such cases graphite is 

 sometimes omitted. 



The arrangement of a small rod of black lead, 

 which is kept projecting as it wears awnv from a 

 tube fitted to a metal pencil-case, and which han 

 since been BO much used, was patented by Hawkins 

 and Mordan in 1822. An alloy of lead, antimony, 

 and a little mercury is made into ever-pointed 

 pencils for writing on paper prepared with a suit- 

 able surface. 



The manufacture of black- 

 lead and coloured pencils is 

 carried on most extensively 

 at Nuremberg, where there 

 are more than a score of 

 factories, employing in all 

 nearly 6000 hands, and pro- 

 ducing annually some 250 

 million pencils, worth about 

 420,000. Faber founded a 

 branch in New York in 1861. 

 Four years later the Eagle and 

 American IVnril Companies 

 were established, and the 

 other surviving firm, the 

 Dixon Crucible Company, in 

 I87t 



Pendant, a hanging 

 ornament, used in ceilings, 

 vaults, staircases, timber- 

 roof*. \r. It is sometimes 



a simple ball and sometimes elaborately orna- 

 mented, n nd is chiefly used in the later Gothic and 

 FJizahethan styles. 



Pendant. See FLAG. 



Pendenni* Castle. See FALMOUTH. 



Pendlr Hill. See CLITIIKROK. 



IViHllclon. a north-western suburb of Man- 

 beater, wholly within the borough of Salford. 

 I'<>p 40,246. 



Pendragon. See DRAGON. 



Pendulum. The two chief varieties ore the 

 tim/i/r jH-ndulum and the ordinary or complex 

 |KMidnlum. Examples of the latter occur in all 

 the form* of clockwork where a balance wheel 

 ha* been diHpensed with (see HOROLOGY). A 

 mall leaden or gtdden bullet, when sus|*nded 

 from a fixed point by an extremely fine thread, 

 may represent a simple pendulum, provided it 

 vil.iiii.i. in a small circular arc. Once set in 

 motion, this instrument will move in the same 

 arc for ever unlet-K interfered with, beeaiise at each 

 wing, when descending through the first half of 



IVml.-iiit. 



