PENELOPE 



P. AND O. COMPANY 



JL 



MI! contraction tluui metal.) The 'mercurial pen- 

 iliilum' carrin. within it a glass cylinder nearly 

 dill / mercury, > proportioned in quantity to the 

 weight of the priiilultim that when the latter ex- 

 pand* downwanN by tin- heat t he change is counter- 

 'lanced by the upward ox|ian>iion of the liquiil in 

 i'.o jar. In" winter, of r.mi-..-, the pendulum and the 

 luickjulverarmiinilarlv contracted in opposite direc- 

 tion*, to Mcttrr a good average length and mark 

 better time. The neoond fnrm of eoui|iensatiim 

 |.-ndnlnm in called the 'gridiron,' because it con - 

 UU of several upright liars, OH in the 

 diagram. If the mack hats l>e, for 

 example, steel, and those between 

 he brans or copper, then by a proper 

 adjii-tni'-tit of their lengths any change 

 nt temjieratiire will not materially affect 

 the time-keeping pro]iertv of the pen- 

 ilnliiiii. llrass is mnrli more subject 

 \ tension and contraction than 

 oteel. It i- obvious from the figure 

 that when the heat dilate* the brass 

 ban they mii-t raise the 1mb D, and 

 therefore counteract the downward 

 extension of the steel bars, such as 

 BC or be and AH. For accurate 

 and uniform time-measurement the 

 gridiron has, in the experience of some 

 astronomer*, proved superior to the mercurial 

 pendulum. 



Pcnrlopr, in Homeric legend, the wife of 

 I'lyene (Oaneen>), anil mother of Telemachus, 

 who wan (till an infant when I" 1 vases went to the 



Trojan war. Daring hU 

 the fall of Troy be was 



wanderings after 



_ . _ generally regarded as 



I Penelope wan vexed by the urgent wooing 

 of many Mtiton, whom she put oil on the pretext 

 that die mut first weave a hroiid for Laertes, 

 >M>r axed father-in-law. To protract the time she 

 undid by night the portion of the web which 

 be had woven by day. When the suitors hail 

 diaeorered thin device her |Ki-ui<>n Ixvaiiic more 

 diAenll than before; but fortunately I '!>>->- 

 returneil in time to renctie bin chaste spun-e 'from 

 thnr dwtanteful im|i<irtiiniti>-H. loiter tradition 

 TCpranaU IVnel>i|- in a very different light, assert 

 teg that by Henne* (Mercury ), or bv all her suitors 

 *her, ehe became the mother of Pan (q.v.), and 

 ClyMB, on hi* return, divomwl her. 



Thin name it applied to a group of 

 Unb containing thrw genera, SpheniwUK, Endypti-s, 

 a4 AptanolM > the largest s| H s-ies, the''Km- 

 iwror ' (A. fontrri, 80 iachoi in height ) and ' King ' 

 (A. ftnmmtu) penxninn. Iwlonging to the latter 

 ran*. The mot remarkahlf |H-enli<iriiy <>f th.-c 

 bird* U thr flallennl wing, which i* 'clad with 

 Male-like fnatlwni; the whole limb, unlit for 

 U adininil.K iiit| for nwimming. The 

 at the penguin -inMnui of being di- 

 in f^itlier tnurta. neparated by interval* 

 I upon which no fnathera grow, a* U the 

 with ll ..iher WnU. not excepting even the 

 oauieh and ewuwary form a eontinuou* covering 

 lo the body. The* |~ruliariti~.. .-otipl.si j,i, 

 owe other* in internal tniciurf. murk off the pen- 

 Ifiiin* a* a vrv dwtincl trninp f>f bird.. |ty wiini- 

 lhnr an plaml in lh *ni^ cnmp with the auko, 



or pot in a nowial (rrmin ( lm?r****\ by 1 1 -!>.- 



1 tolbsAi twrtl 



and lo UH- maUi K^nppraf rrgion* (Patagonia. 

 Cape CakMr. An.tn.lii. NVw ImUnd ). and are 

 in mtf lial.it.. a> i. *hori by ii,.- u..|,| H -.| 

 (~-t * ll by tlii- iftnarkabl<- niililication of 

 |)H> wing* ulrmdy refrfn^l to In Mime ituatioM 

 lb are extremely abundant, and nmkn their nrxto 

 in arawmon area! the n-.t U nothin n...i.. than 

 a bole in the <wnd in which the frmal <|i-po.iu a 



single egg. The stupidity of these birds U perhaps 

 due to the inaccessibility of the rocks anil shores 

 where so great a number live and breed : having 

 been comparatively little interfered with by man, 

 they show no terror at the sight of him. When 

 intruders invade their breeding- places they can and 

 do, however, inflict severe wounds with their sharp 



King Penguin ( Aptenodyttt pennantii). 



bills. The plumage of the neck is valued by furriers 

 for collars and tippets ; and large numbers of 

 'Johnnies,' as the sailors call them, are slaughtered 

 annually. The flesh though dark is wholesome 

 food, and makes excellent 'hare-soup;' the belly 

 U loaded with fat. That the penguins are not 

 altogether a modern race of birds is shown by 

 the remains of a species Paltreudifnles antaretifii* 

 which existed in New Zealand in late Eocene 

 or early Miocene times. This bird differed from 

 existing penguins in having rather longer wings, 

 mid may therefore conceivably have possessed the 

 power of flight ; it was a large form like the 

 King IVnguin of to-day. 



I'i'iiirillaria. See GUINEA CORN, and MII.I.KT. 



IV nir II ik. a town of Edinlmrglmhire, on the 

 left hank of the North Ksk, 10 miles S. of Edin- 

 burgh by mail, but rU by a branch line ( 1872). It 

 ban a Komanc-i|iic church-tower and large paper- 

 iiiillM, dating from 1709; whilst 2 miles NNK. arc 

 (ilcncorse Wracks (1804-82), originally it ile|,,,i 

 for French prisoners. Pop. ( 1H41 ) 907 ; ( 1891 ) ariiU. 

 See Wilson s Annul* of Fenirmk ( Kdin. 1891 ). 



Peninsular ami Oriental <'onin;iiiy oaiM 



mails and passengers between (Jreat Britain and 

 India, China, and Australia. The company in its 

 present form wax incorporated by royal charter in 

 I MM. although it had then had an existence of 

 Ilin-e yars' duration as the I'eninsiilar Company, 

 whieli carrii-d mail- to Portugal and the south 'of 

 Spain, and afterward* to Kgypt. Tin- 'P. & <>.' 

 own a fleet of about sixty vessels, of an average size 

 of .WOO ton- each. They carry mails from P,rinili-i 



to I!.. MI Lay. weekly, in the contracted til >l I-' 



da\- : Iroin Mrindisi to Shanghai, fortnightly, in <! 

 days ; and from llrindisi to Adelaide, fortnightly, in 

 2HJ day*. The company also maintains a i luce- 

 weakly wrvicc bet wcvii Venice, Hrindixi, and Egypt, 

 nnd in Asia has lines from Ihimbay to Colombo, 

 thence to Calcutta, ami to Singapore, Hong-kmig, 

 Shanghni, and .lapancHe |K>rt. See the company s 

 Podltt-lni<il, and Mmil/iiy Handbook ; and for intoi 

 Mint ion on other great shipping lines, Bee the article 

 Sun-in ILIUM, in thin work, and works there.c.ited. 



