ri.\l I LSI IAI. PSALMS 



PENN 



by tlw oathreak of war between France and Russia, 

 an<l early in IHI2 Wellington commenced hi* well- 

 matured plan fur freeing Spain from the invader. 

 UP raptured Ciudad Kodrigo on 19tli January, 

 tormed lUdsjoi nn 6th April, and called in Hill's 

 divutnn from the south. Mannont. \vlm had col- 

 lerfcsd h troop* about Salanmnra, found his Hank 

 threatened, and had at tint to retire ; l.ni on 22d 

 July he turned upon tin- British, and fought the 

 battle of Tonne*, where he was wounded and hU 

 urniy ilefaMod. Wellington entered Madrid on 

 ISth Attfrast King .loxeph then with.ln-w Spult 

 from Andala*ia to Valencia, where they joined 

 HaobX. Bat the Spanish army neglected to guard 

 the Kritixh line of communications, and Clause), 

 who succeeded Mannnnt, proved HO formidable a 

 general that Wellington again found himself obliged 

 to retire towards Salamanca and Portugal. 



K rents elsewhere, however, lessened the imwer of 

 his enemies, reducing their numbers to 1 97, 000 men. 

 Jealousy existed between Joxeph and. his generals ; 

 .mil Wellington's position wan strengthened by his 

 appointment on comman<ler-in-chief of the Spanish 

 and Portuguese armies. These now amounted to 

 200,000 men, of which 70.000 Aagio-PartUMM 

 bad been brought into a good state of discipline. 

 He again advanced eastward in the spring of 1813, 

 obHgtng the French to evacuate Burgas and the 

 line of the Kbro. They attempted to withstand 

 him at Vittoria on 2M Jane, but unstained a 

 (washing defeat, abandoning all their artillery, 

 stares, MM! baggage. The blockade* of Pampeluiia 

 and 8t Sebwtian followed. Joseph, who bad 

 quarrelled with Soult, was superseded in the 

 command, which was given to the latter. In 

 pile, bowerer, of gnat skill on bis part, a series 

 of terrible battles in toe Pyrenees were uniformly 

 dlsstros to him. St Sebastian was taken on 

 7th October, the victory of Nivelle won on 10th 

 November, and Wellington enabled to base him 

 elf on the northern port*. In February 1814 

 lUyonne wan invented, on 27th Soult wax defeated 

 he*, and again at Toulouse on loth April, 

 which eitv was occupied by the British. But 

 Napoleon had already abdicated, having, after the 

 dmvtnms Ktunian campaign, been overpowered by 

 the allied form of Kiima, Prussia, and Austria, by 

 whofii France wan invaded and Paris uken. S,-e 

 alw articles on France. S|wiin. Portugal, Welling- 

 too. Napoleon. Konll. Massetia, Sir .lohn sfoori, 

 .a. Badaiox. Torres Vedras, Corona, lns. . 

 *. : aad Kir W. Napier's Hutory oftkt Patintular 

 MW(vols. lttM40). 



Prnllrntlnl PmUm*. -even of the Psalms of 

 Parid, so ealled as being specially expressive of 

 wrtnw fur -in. and accepted by Christian devotion 

 as forms of prayer nuilaUe for the repentant 

 staswr. They are Psalm, vi.. xxxii., xxxviii , li . 

 L.-.-..tdinK to il>.- Authorised 



Venshw. which c..rr.-.,.,n.l with vL, xjexL. x\\>n . 

 . and .-xlii .,f t|,r Vu| K nt^. Tl,..,.. 

 PssJsss have hem -t apart from a very early 

 period, and are refemxl to as ouch l, v DlisiBsj 

 Pop* iMOecat III. ordere.1 that they should be 

 redud in Lent. They have a special 'place in the 

 MM UrrvUr) . ami more than one of the impm 

 attached an Indulgence to the n-ritnl ,.f tl,eni. 

 The most deeply penitential, and the m.< fr.-in.-nt 

 ta, both iHibflran.1 private, i. tbr .-,|.t NeJm, 

 or OM JsfMffwv (Mth in tl,.- Vnliral) 



pope, and in certain cases dispensations from the 

 impeditnente of marriage. See PRISONS. 



IVlikrjilge, a town of Staflbrdshire, on t)i>> 

 Penk, 6 miles S. of Stafford by rail, in an agrirul 

 tural district. Pop. 3134. 



IViniiarlllliaw r, a watering place of Carnar- 

 vonshire, 4 miles S\V. of Con way by rail. The 

 mountain of Penmaeiimawi, tin- northern extrem- 

 ity of the Snow.lon jjnnip, is 1553 feet high ; on ii- 

 guminit are the remains of a great British fort, 

 I >in:i> Penmaen. 



I'fiin. WILLIAM, the founder of the colony <>f 

 Pennsylvania, \v,-i- the son of Admii-.-il \\ ilii.-un 

 Penn, and was born at London, 14th October Kill 

 His early years were spent partly in K->ex and 

 partly in Ireland, where his father had -i-\.-ml 

 estates, the gift of Cromwell. Penn studied at 

 Christ Church, Oxford, and while there was rnu 

 verted to Quakerism liy the prearhiiu.' l' a disriplc 

 ofGe)rgeKox, name<l Thomas Loe. Hi>-i'iit]iu.-i:i>iri 

 for his new faith assumed a pugnacious form. N<>t 

 only did he object personally to attend the services 

 of the Church of England, and to wear the sur- 

 plice of a student both of which he considered 

 eminently papistical but, along with some com 

 panions who had also become (Junkers, he attacked 

 several of his fellow-students, and tore the obnoxious 

 robes from their backs. For this unseemly pro 

 cedure Penn was expelled from the univei>it\. 

 His father was so excessively annoyed at his con 

 duct that he gave him a thrashing, and turned him 

 out of doors ; hut he soon afterwards relentol, and 

 sent his son Ui travel on the Continent, in the liojie 

 that change of scene and the gaiety of l-'n-ncli life 

 would alter the bent of his mind. They failed, 

 however, to effect this, but the voiith certaiiijy 

 aci|iiired a grace and suavity of address that he did 

 not Ix-fore possess. In 1666 the admiral sent him 

 to Ireland to look after his estates in the county of 

 Cork, which Penn did to his father's OampHtl 

 -.induction ; for in matters of business he was as 

 practical an Englishman as in religion he was an 

 out-and-out mystic. In the city of Cork, however, 

 he again fell in with Thomas Loe, and for attending 

 a Quaker meeting was, along with others, im 

 prisoned by the mayor, but was immediately after- 

 wards released on am>ealing to the lord president 

 of the Council of Munster, who was personally 

 acquainted with him. On his return to England, 

 IVmi and his father again quarrelled, because the 

 ' conscience ' of the former would not allow him to 

 take off his hat to anylmdy not even to the king, 

 the Duke of York, or the' admiral himself. Penn 



. 



was again turned out of doors liy liis perhaps t 

 but assuredly provoked parent. ' The mother, 

 ever, stepped in, and smoothed matters so far that 

 I'.-nn wax allowed to return home, and the admiral 

 even exerted his influence with the government to 

 wink at his son's attendance at the illegal con- 

 Denticle* of the Quakers, which nothing would 

 induce him t.. give up. In 166H, however, he was 

 thrown into the Tower, on account of a publication 

 entitled /'/,,- S, ln ,l,, }', ,,!, ,(,,: Slinl.rx, in which 

 he attacked the ordinary doctrines of the Trinity, 

 (tods' satisfaction' in the death of Christ, and ju's. 

 tilioation l.y the imputation of Christ's righteous- 

 ness. While in prison he wrote the most famous 

 and popular of his l>ooks, K Cross, nn Crown, and 

 /i.mxvm-./ ,,;lh hrr li,^n F,,re, a vindication of 

 lurnwlf that contribute! to his liberation, which 

 wan obtained through the interfcrcm ..... f the Duke 

 of Wk. ) SeptemlHT |70 Admiral Penn died. 

 living hi -on an estate of 1500 a year, together 

 ith Haim ii|H.n government for lfl',00<>. In 1671 

 the upright hut incorrigible sectary was again com- 

 mitt-d to the Tower for preaching"; the Conventicle 

 Art did not touch the cose, hut, as he refused to 



