' 



PENNINE ALPS 



PENNSYLVANIA 



bell red. UK! <lar to iiignientl siiicules of lime ; 

 ilw liinj: iiinil is bnghtlv phosphorescent. The 

 >l*lk i niilly a tube, and ran ue -omew hat in- 

 fUtrd ; the polypm are fused together in seto of a 

 iktam or o up each aide of the axis. These fused 

 to fcrm a aerie* of parallel leaves, somewhat like 

 Ihr lrl of a feather. The median part of the 

 asu alao bean rudimentary awxual polypes 

 (aooida*) which are not fused. The whole axw 

 k mpportcd by a firmly calcified internal stem. 



1 | .' 



of the aiM and one 'leaf' net of fused 

 ( altar Manhall). The ina>t ventral polype 



The (exec are nenarate. Among related forms 

 Yirgiilaria, Funioulina, and IteniHa are important. 

 Bee Btporl on 1'rnmituliiln. by \. Milne* Marshall 

 an.) \V. I'. Mamliall ( Birmingham, 1882). 



Prnnlnr Alp*. See ALPS. 



Prnnlnr Brace. See GREAT BRITAIN, Vol. 

 V p. 371 



PrnnoB. a small, pointed or swallow-tailed 

 flag, borne by a medin-val knight on his lance. 

 Kr pronant, an well an pennon, HCC FLAG. 



l ,_, ._, 

 i. 7's. * / 



, a fttate of the American I'liion, 

 ' I H the Mcood in population. i* in shape a 

 |rIIrl.vram. lying iilim.M en 

 Urely bttween & and 39" 4.T 26' 

 Manon and Ihxi.n - s 

 Uae, tj I. and IM-IWII-M tin- irregular W-shaped 

 IfeUwarr River and 80* 31' Mr \\ long. It U 

 about laOmUe* wide and Sy mil.-* |..n- from east 

 to wot; in an* (45.215 wj. in.) it is (In- twenty- 

 e%hUl Utr of tli- I in.. n In tin- n.irtli wi-tcrn 

 eonnr a triangular nn-tion pxtomln t 42 15' N., 

 forming part of the wet<'ni lmun.lry <if Ni'w 

 York, and irivinK IVnni>ylvania about 43 inilrs 

 of nl on Lake Erie, with an excellent Itarlwur 

 atKrie. 



TW Appalachian (q.*,) syitem of mounuinn 

 cfoMo* rVnn>yl<ani* from north-cart to wmth- 

 . It brrf att-im. it. K r.-t.-t breadth, but 

 MMof Uiridgerecneanyirretiiltitn.l.-. though 

 a few pamk* among Uw AUeghanint attain a licight 

 of ort titan Sam feet. Between the Blue 

 K it utinny Mountain* on the at mi.) ill., hi-li 

 Alkghaay rang* on the wrt lie nniiicroim minor 

 (ml rl,| rlwmv ini<-r*|i>-rw<| with pirturew|ie 

 vallm, many <4 Uwm rendered exceedinuly fertile 

 by Uw liweiteej* bed which pr>lim- th.-ir -..il 

 TMMirfa*uf Um Vta in imturlly <li\ i.|c.l into 

 Uirni Mrtion*. UM low ditr,.t HMb^Mt ,,f the 

 MMUfan. theMowrtaiaow reaian. an.l t ) 1., ..U-n 

 hilly pUUM in Dm wrat. The trianK'ilur M.ntli 

 mm part4 U*eUU eoniUof a narrow |cvd 

 pUin nnar the UrUwnr.- Hi%.. r . with 

 U MI man than l< feet abme the aea, i,, 

 int.. . higher rolling regkm which t-i,.K t.. the 

 ba-- .rf i IH. nxmnUin. Tom Cana 



r-r.Hnr.nada to the "on i h 

 era limit of the Amlarhiaim extend* an alm.t 

 , lying e*t ^themata ranm, 

 MeoMt region by the -kirting 

 Tkb 'great vallry ' - - - 



*4 HBaratMl froM 



nit iUt whole extent protected by a southern .r 

 eastern wall, except in Peni^ylvania, wli.-i. . 

 ni^h u hreak of about 50 mileti, the CumlHT- 

 il Valley i.s without a harrier toward the sea, 

 ind the fertile calcareous soil spreads out over 

 Lancastvr and |>artn of York, Ifcrks, and Chest<T 

 counties, making this one of the IK-SI funning 

 regions of the country. The mountain region 

 overs a belt which in iilai-es i.s more than 100 

 miles in width, and emriraces about one-fourth 

 if the area of the state. More than twenty mn^'-x 

 liave been namexl, and the whole region IH justly 

 celebrated for its seenery. The rivers have in 

 various phutes cut pips through the ri.l^.--. thus 

 atlbrdinj; passages for travel and commerce. Many 

 of these ' waU-r-^'aps are exceedingly jiictures.|Ue, 

 Hid are much visiteil by touriste. The wotern 

 plateau region comprises about one-half the area 

 of the state ; it is crossed by a few ridges, contains 

 some isolated peaks, and is deeply furrowed by 

 watercourses. Much of this section is heavily 

 wooded. 



The geology of Pennsylvania is particularly 

 remarkable on account of the great ifevelopment 

 of the different iieriods of the I'ala-o/oic era. The 

 formations in tne south-eastern part of the state 

 are in dispute, but the vicinity of Philadelphia is 

 generally admitted to be Archa-an, and a little 

 farther north is a lielt of Quaternary alluvium. 

 The Silurian de|K>sits. which extend ulon^ the Hud- 

 son River in New York, continue into lVnn>\haiiia 

 and form the Kittatinny Mountains. The Devonian 

 area of New York also covers a large part of the 

 northern and north-eastern portion of Pennsyl- 

 vania. West of the Kittatinnies the mountains 

 present alternate Silurian and Devonian forma- 

 tions. West of the Alleghanies, throughout the 

 great bituminous coalfields, the rocks are mainly 

 conglomerate. The mountains and the western 

 plateau region were originally highly elevated 

 tracUi, and have suffered to a vast extent from 

 erosion. They have contributed nearly all the 

 material for building up the lowland regions of 

 New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and \ irginia, 

 and for the formation of the Lower Mississippi 

 valley. The geological disturbances have been 

 greatest and most frequent in the eastern |irt 

 of the state, where the beds of anthracite coal 

 (x'cur at all angles and in sonic cases in vertical 

 position, whereas the bituminous coal-beds of the 

 western Ill-Id are nearly horizontal. The In-caking 

 of the strata and the enormous pressure to -which 

 the eastern coal-deposito have been subjected has 

 resulted in giving ]'enn>\ Ivania the most valuable 

 anthracite basins of the country. It is a notable 

 fact that the |M-rcentJigeof ^a* iii the coal regularly 

 increases from the eastern ranges to the western 

 coal -measures. Although Pennsylvania is one of 

 the richest mineral regions of the world, there U 

 no de]iartmcnt of her mineral wealth in which she 



e\erci-es such exclusive control I IW ill llIT lle|H|sitM 



of anthracite coal. The bituminous cn.il is excel- 

 lent in quality and variety, ami tin; union tit it* prac- 

 tically inexhaustible, but the western coalfields 

 arc only part of a vast de|Kisit which extends west- 

 ward and southward into adjoining states. The 

 iron ore which has contributed so materially to 

 her wealth and iiros|M-rity is mined from an ex- 

 t.-n-ive licit which reaches on the north to < 'anadii 

 und mi the oath to Alabama, I'.vcn the petroleum 

 iiinl natural giis which are such im|K>rtnnt product* 

 .f we-frn Pennsylvania are found in oilier sec- 

 lion*; but as yet her anthracite coal-basins are 

 without a rival The anthracite tract eoren ;IM 

 area of 47 > J*<|. in., and is situated in the highland 

 !>( cen the Delaware and Btuqaebanoa, 

 river*. The most important deiiosits lie in three 

 great fields, known aa the southern, middle, and 



