PENNYROYAL 



PENSIONS 



indenting the penny with a cross mark that the 

 *tf m could be eaily 'broken into two or four parts 

 a* require*!. Silver farthings ceased to be coined 

 under Edward VI., aii.l silver half|>ennies under 

 ,. . |th I i- to tliil tine- i!i.- penny 

 luul nuwdily decreased in weight ; and under Eliza- 

 l.'tli it wai finally fixed at 7U grains, or /, of an 

 ounce of silver, a value to wlii.-h tl." mMMMBt 

 pennies cloudy approximated. In 1672 an 



*iiti.iri~-.i copper coinage of pence, halfpence, and 

 farthing* was established. In 1797 twopenny pieces 

 were coined, but were noon withdrawn. The penny 

 of the preeent bronze coinage, first issued in the end 

 of IMO, U of only about half the value of the old 

 cop|ier penny and a* metal is worth only about one- 

 wreath of a penny. The Herman jifrnnig was also 

 originally a silver coin, bearing the same relation 

 to the Geim.'iii pound of stiver as the English 

 penny to iU pound. Now the nickel ten-pfennig 

 piece M the t'.th of the mark. The old ScoU 

 penny wan only ,'.th of tlie Knglish one, as the 

 pound Soots ami the Scot* shilling were also ^th 

 of the Engliiih coins of the same name. In the 

 14th century it was made very broad and thin. 



Pennyroyal ( Hentha pulegium ), a species of 

 Mint (<|.v.), a native of Knrope and western Asia, 

 abundant in Eng- 

 land and in some 

 parts of Ireland, not 

 found wild in Scot- 

 land, though some- 

 times grown there in 

 gardens for its re- 

 lulled medicinal 



qualities. It enjoys 

 a hig^i popular re- 

 putation as an em 

 meimgogue, but no 

 dependence may be 

 placed in it- etticacy. 

 The name penny royal 

 i- given iii North 

 \ iiierica to a small 

 plant, Iln/riniKi /nile- 

 <t>ni<lrt, allied to the 

 mint.-, and having, 

 like them, a pleasant 

 aronmtic smell and a 

 wiirm pungent ta-lc. 

 It i much in n-e in 

 lomeMic medicine, 

 in the form of a warm 

 . to promote pen>piration and as an em 



I'm II* HnlillllUs WM. the name given t< 

 featire nirrig' ccrcmonwU in Scotland at whicl 

 Ike invited (pimU made rotilrihnliom. in mone> 

 (wUom more than I*, each), to pay the gem-rat 

 (xpram. and leave over a small muni which woulii 

 Art the newly. married pair in tumi-hing their 

 dwelling. Thin practice. now largely disuwd. wa* 

 pnrvahiat in the 17th eentury ; and, an leading t< 

 profane min*tn|ing tin. I promi-eii'.iis .lancing, 

 wa* drnminrr.1 \,\ nn .\<-l of tlie (ii-nernl Aiwmhly 

 1445. a* well a* by numerous act* of in~h\ leric* 

 and kirk Mvnionii lmt tlie name perim!. 



lmt tlie name 



Prnnworl. trailing lierli ( l.inaria ryinlxtl 

 with niiiii.li>h rriiifmiit leaven, often ml 

 lirKind in hsngitig iNvdtrt*. Man>h or \Vate 

 IVnmwort in n name iiiml for nny >-|. ..!.- of I In 

 uuit" i llifrni" (frinin ll\.lii-ot\|i'. low herlin will 

 . .<ir><lili Imvra. (.miriy in nmr-liy placea. 



PrnohM-ol. a rivrr of Maine. The \\ . . 

 Bnux-h riM Mar tli" I'min'liaii frontier, and Mow 

 cant *nd ontb ml to where it me<-t the Kax 

 Branch or Hbooii Kivrr. Aft<rwanli> it* conroe 

 MMtti onth weH to I'mol-rot Bay, a broad and 



bettered inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, 35 miles long 

 and 20 wide, with numerous island*. It is tidal 

 n.l navigable for large vessels to liangor, 00 miles 

 rom its mouth. The chief trade U in lumber. 



IVnrhyn. See CARNARVONSHII:I . r. \N.;OR, 



i.niKsnA, and SLATK. 



I'i'iiritll. a market-town of Cumberland, in a 

 ricturesque and fertile valley, on the outskirts of 

 he Lake District (q.v.), 18 miles SSE. of Carlisle. 

 t has a fine old ruined castle, where Kielmrd 111. 

 i hen Duke of Gloucester) Usaid to have resided, 

 ni.l a grammar-school (1395; refounde<l 1504). In 

 ,he churchyard are two ancient monuments, tin- 

 Giant's Grave' and the 'Giant's Thumb,' often 

 i-iie.l by Sir Walter Scott ; and north-east of the 

 town is the wooded Beacon (937 feet). There are 

 uiwmills, tanneries, ami breweries. See works by 

 I. Walker (1856) ami (1. Wut^m (1893). 1'op. 

 1851 ) 6668 ; ( 1881 ) 9268 ; ( 1891 ) 8981. 



Penryn (Corn., ' head of the river '), a town of 

 Cornwall, at the head of a creek of Falnioutli liar 

 X)ur, 3 miles NW. of Falmouth town, with whieh 

 t returns one memlierto parliament (till 1KS."> two). 

 icarce a trace remains of Glosney College, founded 

 in 1264 for thirteen Black Augustinian Canons ; 

 and none of a palace of the bishops of Exeter. 

 Neighbouring quarries supply the famous IViirvn 

 granite the material of Waterloo Bridge, the 

 Chatham Docks, and other great pubtte work> : 

 ind the town has besides some manufactures ..t 

 jiajwr, woollen cloth, gunjmwder, iVe. IncoriM.r 

 ite<l by James I., it was taken by Fairfax in Hill. 

 Pop. ( i8ol ) 3959 ; ( 1891 ) 3256. 



Pensarola, a port of entry and the capital of 

 Escambia county, Florida, is 244 miles by rail 

 ENE. of New Orleans, on the west shore of a dee]. 

 Lay owning into the Gulf of Mexico. The entrance 

 is deten.led by Fort McUee and Fort Pickens, the 

 latter on Santa Rosa Island ; and near by is the 

 Pensacola navy-yard, with a marine hospital and 

 luirracks. Pensacola contains foundries an. I lumber 

 and planing mills, and ships large quantities of 

 yellow pine. It was settled by the- Spaniards befOM 

 1700, occupied by the British from 176:Mo I7M. 

 an. I afterwards (luring the wars with Napoleon. 

 taken by Andrew Jackson from the British in 1M4 

 and the Spaniard* in 1818, and passed with the rest 

 of Florida to the United States in 1819. Pop. 

 (1880)6845; ( I'.MNII 17,747. 



Penshurst, a village of Kent, 4 miles SW. of 

 Tunbridge ; pop. 1673. Penshurst Place was tle 

 birthplace of Sir Philip Sidney and Algernon 

 Sidney. 



Pensionary, the name formerly given to the 

 s\mlieor legal adviser in every important town of 

 Holland, because receiving a salary or pension t 

 and, during the republic of the I'nited NetBeriands, 

 the state secretary for the province of Holland 

 called RaadlpauKmarit Engiished by State 1' 

 sionary, or. more commonly, Grand Pensionary. The 

 Grand IVn-ionary ba<l no Vole in the assembly of tin- 

 states, and could only bring forward the siihje. 

 discus-ion. He, how'ever, collected the votes, wrote 



the di-eli-es, read the letters addressed to the states, 



condnetwl negotiations with foreign aaibMeador* 



and minister*, and t<M>k charge of the revi-nn. 

 the province, ami whatever else pertained to ils 

 welfare. The ollice was abolished in 179;"), after 

 the c(.ii(|iiest of Holland by the Fieiieb revolu- 

 tionists. Olden Barnevcldt,' Ite Wilt, and Hein 

 siu were the most celebrated holders of this olli.-.- 



Prnxlons may lie 1. madly divided into two 

 clawM* xii|><>rannuation allowances and rewards 

 for special services. In Great Britain a sum of 

 :l, .VtO, (XX) per annum is required for sii|>eranniia- 

 lion in the various departments of state, including 



