:.. 



I'KM ATKli H 



thoairh thi cannot lie Mid of l-i-h-rc. Sini.in. or 

 M..UMII- Tlir fact* which have (pMnlqf led 

 f -li.ilmi. with -tcadily iiini'ifinx uiiiiniiiiity ! H con 

 tmry conclii-ioii have already I"-*'!! indicated under 



ItlHI.K. wllflf ll- leading tllM-llllll-ll 1 'Vit 



I ....,..: . 1> I'.-nteronomy i, mill I' il'ii.-tlv 

 hi-torv and I'rie-tlv b-^i-lation I have l-t-n n.-iiinil 

 i,n.l eharacteriaad. Tli.- present article will s.-ck 

 I., ilmrriln- tln-4- document- with rather fuller 

 detail anil to in.li.-m.- bii.-iU what i- maintained 

 by many modem critic* as' to tin- iialute of the 

 Miniewliat roni|>lrx pnx-ens liy which they have 

 reached tln-ir present state of i-oiiiliiiiiitiiin. 



I .IK. This is cinii|>i>uiiili-<l mainly from two 

 older parallel narrative,, Ix.th of which emlMidied 

 in writing; current oral trii.liti.ni relating to the 

 origin .if tin- world ami nf man, ami to llif pktri 

 mvhal ami heroic |M-ri.Nl- of Hebrew history. The 

 extent of tin- .iiM-imii-nt ax we now have it nmy l>e 

 ancertaincd roughly by .lediicting 1) and 1' (see 

 l-l.i\v | from our present Hexatench, allowance 

 U-ing also mail.-. Im vvever, for t-.litoii:il additions 

 anil jfliKWK. Tin* separation of Ita two eomtitaenl 

 element- i- a problem of greater delicacy ami dilli 

 culty. (I) Tin- work of tin- .lahvi-t. which em 

 ploy* tin- name .lahwi-li ( MM- .IKIIOVAII) through- 

 out. is di-tingiii-ln-d also. on the wholi>, liy otln-r 

 wt-ll marked charactciisiics. especially n nanc 

 anthropomorphism. which appears more partic- 

 ularly in it* fit-jin-nt a.-.-..iint- of Ilivine ap|iear- 

 anc-- un.l.-r tin- form of the angel of Jehovah.' 

 ai>. for ev.imph-, to Alirnliiiin. t.i I...I. an. I t" Moae* 

 Ml the inn an.l al ..... H 1'i-gah. Tin- -l>lf i> livt-ly, 

 \ivi,|. ami (Mipnlnr. Tin- author >ho h|Ht-ial 

 ini.T.-t in thf local winrlnaii.- wliirli w.-n- still 

 reoogniied in hw on linn-, r.|i..iii;; that tln-y 

 owed tin ! "11-111 to tlniiiilianic* in tin- |>re- 

 Egyptian (M-rio.! Hi- itWMCM i- that am-i.-nt 

 an.l -nnpl"- form of the law coiitniinil in l.\ \\\iv. 

 !! intiilm-"-. at varioiiH phut-it, rxtractn ti.nii 

 nlili-r ixM-tiral work*, xuch ax n \li\. ami the 



i-. fl.nil ' tin- lHik ol tin- win- of JrhllVltll.' 



iiiiinii" .It-tail* a- to tin- limit- of lii- work 



.in-" inii-i In- niaili- to Minn- of tin- lik- m.-ii 



ti.iii.--l in tin- liilili..^ia|.h\ p|x-mli-<l In thi- arti.-h- ; 



urn. .n- the nmr.- im|Hiitnni pa-i->"' in <H-n.-.i- 



whied can with ronsi.lt-niM ...... itainiv IH- attiil.ut.-.l 



mi are the arr.mnt of tin- .-n-ation ami fall in 

 ii. 4A-iv. 98: (HirtiniM of \\. ; ont- of tin- two 

 parallel accnuntoof tin- Muml ..mtainivl in vii. . \iii : 

 tin- liint'iry of Aliraliam in \ii. . \iii . xv.. xvi.. xviii., 

 \i\ , xxiv., ami xxv. 1-6; of laiuic in xxv. '21 :U, 

 anil xxvi. v\>ii ; i-oin>ii|t-rahle |Mirtiorui of tin- 

 history of Janih, im-lmliiiK om- of tin- narrali\>- 

 whirh make up .-hap. xxxiv. : |Mirtion- of \\xvii., 

 tin- utory of .In. Uli i xx xviii. ): tin- -lory of .lo-i-ph 

 in xxxix., xliii.. xliv.. \l\ii. ami I. (al-oxnin- fraj{. 

 menu in tin- int-rvenin({ rliapt<-n>). (2t Tin- 

 Klohi't, who in tin- lik of (Ii-nntU invariahly t-m 

 1 )<> the IUUIIP Klohiin, ha wveral .li-iin-ni-liin^ 

 . liamrt-ri-ti'-" lit- how HOIIH- l--innin^-. .if a 

 t.-n.l.-ii'-v t r<-mo>l.-l tin- ancient trailitioim in a 

 tern anthro|>om.>rphir Hence. He dow nut |K-ak 

 nf .,!.)... in., maiiifmtatiimii of the Deity iimli-r 

 linroan form an the anitel of Jehovah, hut prefer* 

 to reprewnt <li\iin- ..niimnnirationit ax 

 liy drmiii*, ii'>n-. anil voice*. It lian 

 reniarknl that he take* a upecial in' 

 in the Mtnrtnary of IWrnhelw. Hi- ilif-alo^ite. if 

 later expansion- U- |.-ft .nit. i. that rontAine<l in 

 II no . I. Hil.l Mii-inally ho-l an 



ilM eraation anil fall pMlW to tli.it of the 

 JabvUl ; Ixit the earln-.t extant frnj.-m.-iit of In- 

 Work in jinilml.lv that pnwerveil in <t.-n \\ 

 ft. To him are'attrihntnl (Jen. xx. I 17. \\i 

 6n, H .Til. the frreatT pail of xxii . i-oii-i.h-rahle 

 nxti..' 'A xxvii . xxix.. nml xxx. xxxii., xxxv. 

 1-9, alrmwt the whole of xl. xlii. anil Mime portion* 



of the remaining rh.-iptfi- ; K.x. i. 6, 8-12, 15 _>-.'. 

 ii. I Id.- l.V iii. 1-6, 9-16, iv. 17 ii. v. I, :i. ." -::. 

 i. I. vii. 17. IS. 20. 21, ix. ->-' -'>. :tl, :. x. !_>. 

 I3, I4<. 21-29. a few \.-n-i-s of \i. \ii., xiii. 17 1!'. 

 xiv. 7. 9. Hi. --'. xv. 20-25, xvii. 3-1(5, xviii., \i\ 



;n. i:i 17. I'.'. \\. 1 it (with later ad.liti..- 

 xxiv. :; >. l-J It. is'.. \\\i Is, \\xii. I.', -Jn. -.'.-. -J!i. 

 \\\iii. I :, 511 : Numb. x. :{.'i :i, xi. 1 .'!. 7 Id. 

 ) :. xii. 1-15, xiii. 20, -j:i. -.'I. :in :CI. xiv. Sil i:.. 

 |Mirtions of chap. xvi.. xx. . - t II. I.S '-'I. xxi. !_ 30, 

 ..irti.iiiH of the Ktorv of I'.alaam, xxv. 3, 5, x.x.xii. 

 Iti. 17, 24, 34-39, il, 4'J : Dent. \x\i. 14-23, xxxii. 

 44. xxxiii., xxxiv. 10. 



That .1 aiul E once exisUil as separate nnrratives 

 is now unaiiimoii-ly a^ret"<l, ami that their .lat. - 

 mil-l lie sought !-.illieliere l)i-t ween '.KKI II. r. at the 

 eatlii-t an.l 7">d at the late-l may al.-o ! re^anh-.l 

 aaMttletl. \Vitliiu these limits then- is eonsiiler 

 ahle iliversitv of opinion. It is a^ree.l on tlie 

 whole that E belonged to the northern kin^'loin. 

 ami many hohl this of .1 also, lint HOIlie of t In- 

 strongest rtiti.-s think of the .lahvist as hiivin^- 

 lict-n a Jmht-an. There is ilisiifrreement also iu. to 

 tin- relative a^'es of the two, some thinking I'', tin- 

 uhler, (ml the ])repon.leriim-e of ar^'iinient seem- 

 to IK- in favour of ,). The two were hron^ht 

 tnjiether into the il.H-iiment now known as .1 K by 

 a reilaetor ( sometimes ealliil for convenience' sak.- 

 the .lehovist. as ilistinj.'uishi'.l from the .Jahvist ) 

 towanls the eml of the 7th century. His aim was 

 to eml. ra. -e the two jwinillel histories; and his 

 inctho.1 wa- simple. Where the two were eloselv 

 parallel In- seems to have chosen the one he thought 

 the preferable anil to have cancelled the other 

 (saving; iH-ca-iomillv a wonl or clause i ; when he 

 foiiml the same inci.lenl related of .lill'ereiit pi-rson- 

 aml in very ililleienl forms, such as the incident of 

 Abraham ami Sarah at Pharaoh'l court, and Isaac 

 anil Iteln-kah at Ahimelech >. he ^ave Imth. intro- 

 diicinx some rii-onciliii.; notes (e.^. (!en. xxvi. 18). 

 A pM"l examiile of his manner of combination i> 

 allordiil liv tlie narrative of Jacob's dream. .IK 

 a l-o introduced new matter. In particular, the 

 Icfjislativc iHirtion of his work, usually spoken of 

 ax the BOOK of the Covenant (Kx. xx. 24~xxiii. 

 H3, xxiv. 28), idiovs the inlliience of the Assyrian 

 period, ami (it i- held ) cannot IK- earlier than the 

 i tb century (but prior to the pnhlication of 

 Deuteronomy). 



(II.) D. Ih-iiteronomy also is a composite work, 

 and it- various elements are not all of the same 

 date. In structure it eonsi-ts of a legislative 

 kernel (xii. xxvi.), to which are prelixed two 

 separate introductions I i. I iv. 44, and v. 1 xi. #2) 

 ami two separate epilogues or concluding narra- 

 tive* (xxvii. and xxviii. xxx.l. l-'inally. the la-t 

 four chapters form an ap|>cn<li\ eon'ainin^ some 

 material- fnun .1 and K. CiiticM are now 



. 



ajrreed that the original I >.-iiteioiioiny to whicli 

 i.-f.rence in made in '2 Kind's i- what we have 

 s|xiken of as the legislative kernel. The date of 

 it- pnblication we know to have Keen (i'il u.c. 

 That of il- coni|Misilion i- I. -- . . i lain, hut no one 

 now pro|xmeii to cany it back to an eailier dale 

 than the reicn of lle/.-kiah. There is dillei 

 .me of opinion as to the authorship of the pm- 

 Indues and epilofjiies. The M-coml intriHliiction 

 and lirst epilogue, if liy the author of the ceniial 

 jKirtion of the liook. were probably written at least 

 at a later date. Tin- lii-l latrodaotion, recapit 

 ulatiiiL' (Hirtion- of the history of .IK, and the 



id epilogue, containing unmistakable allu 

 r-iont til tin- exile, an- Ix-lieved t.i have IMM-II tin- 

 work of a second Deuteionoinistic writer alMiut the 

 iK'^inniiiKof the lilli ccntiMv . A third Deiiteronom 



icdaclor toward- the chise of the exile (abonl 

 536 H.c.) combin.Hl .IK with I), and frave what is 

 known as the DeutemnomUtic redaction to the 



