I'KIUJOLKSK 



PERICARDIUM 



Jomed it with grand sculpture*, the work of 

 Mit belonging to tin- I'ergiimenian school, and 

 mllrrll a lilirry imly inferior to that of Al.-\ 

 andria. IVrgamu* wan a special *! of th-- win 

 kip of AiK-lepiu. ( . KM-uliipiii- ) : and it gave it* 

 t<> Parchment (i|.r.|. It began t<> decline 

 (In- llw.iniiiie cniprron. The place still 

 'inder I lir name Hrryamii, and in noted for 

 ili.- -pleiid..in mid ma-mil. -.-iii-- ill it- mill-, which 

 riiiliiarr tf>iiiplm, MUaee*, aiinediicl-. gymnasia, 

 aniphitlieatm.. and city walU. These were ex- 

 ravauM for the I'ruwian government by Iliiinann, 

 Holm, and other*, in 1870-86, many of the treasure* 

 (inj; carried to Berlin. 



l'i ruolcM-, liinvANNi BATTISTA, Italian 

 mtuician, vac born at Jmi. near Ancuna, on :ld 

 January 171". -tmliiil nin-i<- HI Naples, and struck 

 out AII original style for himself. Hi- lirst great 

 work wan lite oratorio of .V,m timilirlmo. BMDMMd 

 in 17.11. in which year apjieared his I. right and tune- 

 ful "|H-n-tl!i of l.a Srrni i'lii/rnnn. This i- hU 

 nia"t-rpie<-c ; it wan revived in 1/oiulon in 1873. 

 In 17.14 he n ap|Miinled nuifjttro ill rnjtrlln of the 

 I'liurrli of l.-iifU<i In consequence of delicate 

 health h<* removed to I'ozzuoli, where In- coni|M>sed 

 the cantata of <>rfrn and his nor<m<l masterpiece, 

 the pathetic .V.iW Mnlrr, Imt died immediately 

 afu-rnnnl- on Ilitli March 1736. Resides the work's 

 quoted. I'crgolme coin|iosed numerous operas, 

 orat<iriiM, ami other sacred piece*. 



I'rrl. .i'-'-"idiii:: 1-1 tin- mythical lore of tlie East, 

 a bring l-cgoti.-n I iy fallen spirit*, wliioli s|>ciids it.- 

 life in all imaginable delights, i- immortal, lint i- 

 f.ir -M-T excluded from tlie joys of Paradise. It 

 take* an intenimliate plare iM-tween mi^i-l- and 

 i|i-iii-in>. and i- either untie or female. So far from 

 there being only female 1'erin, aa in tuippotuM by 

 ante, and UMM the wire* of the DevH, tlie Peru 

 n the contrary, in constant warfare with 

 UMM Dem. (ttherwiw, they are of the, most 

 innmtinu* charart<-r to mankind, and, just like 

 too failie* with whom our own |M>pnlar mythology 

 ha* made u familiar, are when female of HII 

 pMaing hnauty. I'liev l.-lonj; to the great fiimily 

 of genii, or .linn i --e DmOVOUWT), 



PrriaCMJt, a large canoe oompoied of tlie 

 trunk. Of tWO tn-ei. liollowml anil united into one 

 (Uir : when** an onlinary canoe U formml oi tin- 

 body of one traeouh 



Frrlanlh. See FIX>WKR. 



I'rrlrardlUM. a roniral mrmhranon* nar con- 

 tatnitiK ih heart and the iiuniiietirenient of the 



great vcawU, to tl \i-nt of about 2 inrln-n 



!.l.iel with it- apex 



upward. MtUd tlie -t.-rnuin in the interval lie 

 lit-n I be pleiirn- the roil- nao in which the 

 immgt are encl<r.! : while ii bane in attarhisl to 

 UM diaphragm. It in a libr-i -eroun mpmbrane, 

 *"j"''K of wi external libroti* and an internal 

 MMMM layer. The ootr layer i a utronj;. ilenne, 

 nhrotta nwrnbraiH- : the Heron, layer invent* the 

 hoart, and i. then reflect**! ,,11 the inner nnrface of 



UM fihrmii layer. Like all wniii. mhranea, it U 



a <-|,IH| MIT; iu inner nrfa<--- i- -month and 



MMing. and wrt-tn, thin fluid whirh wrvw to 



larllitalo I!H> natiunl nio\ement. of the heart. It 



i" uillitiiiiii.il i..n of tin. M>rrtn. < lii--li .iii-tiiuii- 



kn-iMri a . |H-ii--nnliii. 



or TII I'MM.MMIII -M. IVm-artlitU 



a clt*v*- of frm|iirnt oprarrenrc ; the rentilt of a 

 very Uijrr. nunilwr at |~t niortom pxniiiinnlion- 

 UUg U. .how ilmi .I.Hit one in twenty three <if all 

 wb.. dh at an a.lnlt afr e, hil.it. traro; of recent or 

 old atUrk. of tin. di~.rdr. The lin.1 change which 

 Uke. plan, in an inflamed perimnlium id a dulling 

 iU.ninB unrfare. with on,eron K .tioii, whirl, 

 U iftudily foUowol by efTiuion into the nac. The 



efTinuiin i* gpmetiniee almiwt entirely Sbriaom in 

 which case it coagulates, and {fives rue to adhesions 

 between the heart and tlie peiii-.-iriiiiim ; or it may 

 ronsist H|IUO-I iMilircly of seniin, which remain- 

 lii|iiid ; or it mny IM*. and most frequently is, a 

 mixture of the two. In a few casex it rapidly W- 

 romes tiiiriilent. In the cases that prove fatal 

 lien litiriiious fluid has been ellusexl, but lias nut 

 conciliated to such an extent ;is to cause complete 

 adhesion of the heart to the pericardium, the par 

 tiallv coagulated lihrin or Ivinpli in seen to lie of u 

 yellowish- white colour, ami to occur in a i lifted . 



shatfK}', or cellular form. I^aenm-c c pared tin- 



Kurface on which the lymph U deposited to that 

 which would lie produced by suddenly separating 

 two Hat piece* of wood ln'tween which a thin 

 layer of butter had lieen compressed. When tin- 

 patient dies at a more advanced stu^c of the disease 

 viz. soon after the whole of the membrane has 

 liecoine adherent incipient bloixl -vessels, in the 

 form of red point- aim braiichinj,' lines, are seen, 

 indicating that organisation is coniiiiciiciii^' in the 

 di-po-it, which if death hod not en-ued would have 

 1 "ecu linally converted into cellular or areolar tissue, 

 and might have occasionetl the complete oblitera- 

 tion of the pericardia! cavity. 



The recognition of the disease depends almost 

 entirely upon the signs revealed by auscultation 

 and piMcus-ion. The earliest is generally the 

 friction-sound, or to and fro innnmir, caused liy 

 rulibing together of the roughened surfaces, am! 

 heard to accompany the heart's action ; but if fluid 

 is eil'iised it may speetlily disapjiear. In this case 

 percussion of the chest shows that the dull area 

 occupied by the heart is larger than normal, while 

 the impulse of the organ on the chest wall cannot 

 ! felt. The symptoms, besides those common to 

 all inflammations, are extremely variable : in some 

 cases where pel iraidii i- comes on in the course of 

 oilier serious disease the patient makes no com- 

 plaint, and the complication is only discovered 

 during the routine examination of the chest. Hut 

 there may be intense pain and tenderness on pres- 

 sure in the region of the heart, great irregularity or 

 feebleness of the heart's action, distressing breath 

 lessncsK, delirium. v\. -. 



I'ericaiditis is a disease which occasionally runs 

 a \ery rapid course, and terminates fatally in forty- 

 eight hours or less. In ordinary eases, however, 

 which terminate in apparent recovery, the di.-> 

 generally l>cgins to yield in a week or ten davs, and. 

 excepting that adhesion may remain, tlie cure 

 ap|-ars to IK' complete in three weeks or less. If 

 the adhesions which have formed are dense and 

 lilimus, they may impede the heart's action and 

 lead to serious symptoms at some suksequcnt 



period. 



I'ericarditis rarely occurs as an independent 

 disease. It may result from extension of an in- 

 flammation in a neighbouring organ, pleura, ril-. 

 \c. It is no uncommon result of a contaminated 

 state of the blood, such as occurs in the exan 

 thematous diseases, csj-cially scarlatina, and in 

 Mright's disease of the kidney -,' but, Ix-yond all com- 

 paii-on. it is of most frequent occurrence in associa 

 lion with acute Rheumatism (<i.v.), of which it 

 forms ,,ne of the most serious complications. Ii i- 

 often amociated with inflammation of the mus- 

 cular substance of the heart, and, es|>ecially in 

 rheumatism, of the lining membrane as well. 



The treatment of |x>ricardili- at pie-ent in favour 

 is much lew active than when bleeding, mereurial- 

 iMUion, &c. were considered necessary. Complete 

 rent in bed, light diet, with opium or other seda- 

 tives as required ; general medication suited to the 

 diwase with which the )x>ricarditis is associated ; 

 local application of poultices or cotton-wool, some 

 IMIM-K of leeches or blisters, are the chief measures 



