M 



PKU.MI--IVE BILL 



PKKOWNK 



that towanU the cloe of CarUmifenm* times con- 

 Uerable earth movement* took place. These 



can-si tin- --.i to disappear from wide regions in 

 Kami- nn. I i. --nli. .! eventually in tin- isolation of 

 certain arran. which tliiiB became inland OCHM or 

 nalt lake- In thf latter mi. tiled -aiid.stotic-. 

 doloitntic limestone-. r.-k salt, ami x\ | -11111 wen- 

 aifumuUt'sl. so that tlie condition- were nut favour 

 able to life One or more Mich inland seas covered 

 large area* of what i- now central Kngland, and 

 extended into southern Scotland and the north of 

 Ireland. Similar large inland seas existed in middle 

 ami eaMvin Kuropc. The strain MBBmolatad in 

 .i plentiful footprints and other 

 indication- of shallow-water conditions, such as 

 worm tracks, sun cracks, ruin pitting, and ripple- 

 marks evidence which indicates that the level of 

 tlie lake* wan often almortnally lowered during dry 

 eaano*, leaving wide tracts exposed over which 

 crawled annelids. amphibians, an<l reptiles. Volcanic 

 action wan rife in s,-,, il.cn. I and t ierniany, and it 

 ha* been nomwleil that the ahiiinlant and well- 

 preserved fUn remain* which iH-cur in the Kupfer- 

 s. hiefi>r may have U-en poisoned by the sudden 

 influx of mineral springs connected with the 

 vulcanic diMiirlmiices of the time. Some of the 

 inland *ean may have lutd iH-casional connection 

 with the open sea for longer or shorter periods, as, 

 for example, during the formation of the thicker 

 foMiliferoiu limestones, lint, taken as a whole, 

 the general character of the strata IB that of 

 accumulation* funneil in inland seas. The climate 

 of the |M-ii'd. no far an one can judge from the 

 pert of tlora and fauna, was prohahly mild and 

 venial. Nevertheless the occurrence of coarse 

 breccia*, with their -ci.iiched stones ami erratics. 

 in the IViinitn of l!ui mi and the Continent, and 

 the -niiil.it apjM-arances met with ill strata, which 

 an- believed to lie of tho same age, in India. 

 . and South Africa seem hard to explain 

 without tlie agency of Moating ice. 



IVrmisslve Bill. See LOCAL < ITI<>\. 

 Prrmiitnllons ami < <>iiillnations. A 



combination, in Mat hematics, is a selection of a 

 nilinlier of object* from a given set of ohjecte, 

 without any regard to the oi.lcr in which they are 

 placed. The obji'cts are called cli'inent-, ami the 

 combination- .-in- divided into classes, according to 

 the number of elements in i-.vh. I."! tin- .jiv.-ii 

 element- IN- the four letters. /. //, ,-. ./ . the binary 

 .-.. ml. mini. m-. or el.-cii..ii- of two, are ah. tie, ad, 



i. "i -\\ m all; 1 1 omliiiiat ion- of three are 



''/ four in all ; while there U only 



.ml. motion of four vi/. ulird. 



Permutation, again, has reference to the order of 



arrangement ; thu, the two elements, n ami l>. may 



i ,ili or IHI, i th.it every cotnliinal ion of two 



. |M-nnutatioii ; the three element-, <i, li, 



land abc, iu-1,. l*ir. /,,,,. ,-,i/,, il,<i, one 



rotnhitmiioti of threi 1 thus atloidin^ six |Tiinita 



itiliinations of any order with all 



tliHr perm u I at ion an- called the \'<in<itioni. Kor 



tnula* am given in works of algelua for ealeulatiiiv' 



the niiiiil.-i of |i>-iiiiiii.ttion or eomhinatioiis in any 



KirMI r*w SlimMlR.' 'ven lottery tickets MKirkcd 



I. ~ -1. to 7. Hn.l that two an- to lie drawn ; if it is 



inked how man\ |xi"ilile iiairs of iimn!..-i- them 



re, tliin U n .|n. -!!.. n of the nuiiiher of com 



lunutioli" of x'Vi.li -I. -in., nts. lir<, I..-..I |i,.| . which i 



! '.'I II m- want io km.w how many 

 tuiira the nai .oiild sit down 



to Jnl.l. itlt a dillerent arrangement 



wh Uni. to aU how many |n-nnutation- 



weo ohjct a<lmit of. nnd the formula 



1x5x4x1 X I "."I'l Tlii- theory of proh- 

 abilities b fnondr.1 on the Uw of com'hination. 

 Than, in the CMC of drawing two tickeU out of 



even, since there are 21 po-sil.le paii-. the chance 

 or pnihahility of drawing any particular pair is I in 

 Jl, or ,',. In working out questions in comliina- 

 lions' ad vantage is often taken of the fact that, 

 whatever mimlici of elements lie >n/,< n from a group 

 to form a combination, the number lift gives the 

 -.tine niimlier of coniliiiiations ; thus, the niiinlierof 

 combinations of 10 elements ///, together, is the 

 Hume as that of 10 elements r, together. 



Periliimturro. or KKCIKK, the hnsiest .seapoit 

 of north Brazil, stands at the easternmost point of 

 the coast, in 8" 3' S. lat. It consists of three 

 poi i ions, connected by bridges Hccijc ( ' the reef ' ) 

 pioper, a Dutch-looking quarter, with narrow, 

 winding streets, the chief seat of commerce, on a 

 peninsula; San Antonio, a modern i|ii;irter, with 

 straight, wide streets, on an island between the 

 penin-ula and the mainland ; and Boa Vista, where 

 are the merchants' villas, on the mainland. The 

 principal buildings and public institutions embrace 

 two arsenals, an observatory, the palace of the 

 IIMiop of Klin. la (8 miles to the north), a law 

 school, &c. The harbour is formed by a reef lying 

 a quarter to half a mile from the coa-i. with an 

 opening for vessels drawing 19 feet of water. Kim e 

 IS'.MI .something has been done towards the deejien- 

 ing of the harbour, the construction of additional 

 quavs, docks, and a new breakwater, lint still 

 mail steamers load and unload by means of lightei- 

 from the outer (exposed) roadstead. Cottons, 

 machinery, and tobacco are nianiifactnred, and 

 shipbuilding is carried on. There is a lighthouse 

 in the harlMiur, which is defended by forts. The 

 principal exports are sit^ai and cotton, with rum, 

 hides, dye-woods. &c. ; the principal imports are 

 cottons and woollens, lish and meal, \ejjetables, 

 minerals, wines, \e. The former line mate in value 

 between al>oiit t'l,.">OO,<i(lO and nearly four times 

 that sum, the fluctuations depending U]HIII the 

 sugar and cotton crops ; tlie imports average from 

 one to two millions sterling. England, the Tinted 

 States, and France have the largest shares in 

 this trade, England Supplying about, one half of 

 the Imports and taking between one-half and one 

 third of tlieex|.rts. Pop. ( 1878)94,4*8; i is-is, an 

 estimate I I'.MI.IHKI. Recife, was founded by the 

 Spaniards in the second half of the Itilh century. 

 Sir .lames Lancaster captured it in l.Vl.'i. and the 

 Dutch in IG30. Tin' other two .piaiter-. Maniits 

 stad I now San Antonio) and Schoon/igt ( lloa 

 Vista), were laid out by the Dutch Count Maurice 

 in llk'iil. The Portuguese captured the town in 

 1(154.- The /ii-iii-iiiii lias a hot, moist climate: pro 

 dnces sugar and cotton ; and has an area of r.,(il'~> 

 sq. in. anil a |M>p. of ( 1S72 )841.. r i39 ; ( 18S8) 1,1 lO.S.'tl. 

 I.'irge portions of the interior still remain in a 

 stale ot nature, iincnliivat. d and covered with 

 fores IK. 



I'. I ll.llllllIK o Wood. See 111: A/II. Wuoli. 



l*rriHM . lo'r. I'l-fiinii ', a -eaport of the 

 Hallic Provinces of Kuwia, stands at the mouth 

 of the liver Pernow. at the noilhern extremitx ol 

 the Culf of liiga, I(H) miles N. of Itiga and 80 

 \V. of Doipat. lie-ide- linseed and barley, it ship- 

 large i|iiantilies of Max. principally to t iieal ISrilain. 

 The total exports average 586,000 per annum 

 (423,(KX) for llax ) ; the imports (herrings, coal, 

 and chemical manure) only some t'li.VKl. Pop. 

 I2,1IS. The university of Dorpat was slationeii 



bete from Itillil to 1710. 



P#rons'. See LA PfiuofsK. 



I'lTowiH 1 . .IOIIN .IAMKS STKW.MIT, was born at 

 llurdwan in llengal. March 13, 1X23, of a family of 

 llii"iienot origin. He hail his education at Norwich 

 grammar -school and at Corpus Christi College, 

 Cambridge, carried oil manv prizes for theological 

 knowledge and Hebrew, besides the Member's 



