n 



I'KHKY 



PEB8EPOLI8 



diet drink of tlxw district*. It contains from 

 A to 9 par cent, of alcohol. See ClPHK. 



Prrr>. <>ii\u: UA/\III>. an American naval 

 officer, horn t South Kingston. Khode Island, 

 m Anyii.i I7v"> i- famous for hi- defeat of a 

 BrttMlforee on Lake Erie in IM13. I'erry. who had 

 nine TOMBln. with A* gun* and 402 officer and men, 

 fought nix vcMelo, with 63 guns and .VrJ ..llic.-i- 

 an-f men. 1<| four fifth- of tin- .-tew ol hi- flag 

 hip. and finally won a complete victory, which In? 

 ann.Mitir.-l in the brief despatch : ' \\ e have ni.-l 

 tin- enemy, and they are ours two ships, two 

 hrig, one'iicliooner, and one sloop.' Ferry died of 

 yellow fever at Trinidad. 23d Aiigu-t IM'.i. and 

 'wa buried at Newport. Khode Inland, where there 

 in a bronn Utue (1885). See Life by A. S. 

 Mackenzie (2 vola. New York, 1843), and in K.-ni 

 more Cooper's Lint of Dutinyuixlitti American 



lOft*n(\**\. 



Prrrvvillr, a village of Kentucky, about 40 

 mil- S\V. of Lexington. was the scene of a hard- 

 fought luittli* between the t iiinii and Confederate 

 annie* of Buell and Bragg, Sth Octolier 1W2. 



Perserution. The piim-ipl.-- that underlie 

 the persecution of obnoxious opinions, ax omx>sed 

 to IM principle* of toleration, are regarded by 

 (hone who jM>recute aii essentially similar to th--.- 

 that arm justice against the criminal. IVrs.-.-ii 

 lion of uni-opiihir religious icws has on religious 

 or political grounds been especially common. 

 The persecutions of the early Christians by the 

 I;. .iimn i-iii|M-rora (nee Ciu'Kcii HISTORY) have 

 heen usually, though artificially, counted as ten, 

 i/ uii.i. r Nero. Hi \.i>. . Domitian, 9f> ; Trajan, 

 107; Hadrian, 125; Marcus Aurelius, ICO: S,.|.ii 

 mine Severn*. 2O2 ; Maximinus, 23."i ; I i.-.-in-. -.M!i : 

 Valerianna. 257; Diocletian, :. Some of the 

 beat of the emperor* wen- tliim the nio-t -inMinoiis 

 penecvtom of tin- < 'liri-ii.m-.. Tlu> |H-i-i-iiiinii 

 acoroed in many caaen but to fan tin- /nil of the 

 victim* and xnrvivoro; in Ti-rtulliiiii'* wonU. 

 the blood of the martyr* Han the need of the 

 rhiirrh. But there have been many ciix-<- in which 

 minor wctn have l-'ii e\tingui><he<l. partly or 

 wholly by fcVNtem.it ir |NTxvution. The orthodox 

 pernecut'il tlie Allan- not without nrif>- : and the 

 number of I -i (-<< I (i|.v.) rained a nerious |irolili>m in 

 the rhiirrh. c.itliari and AlbigenwH were prncti- 

 odly peniecutrd out of exitenre li\ tin- Dominican* 

 and tin- lni|uiition: and the meannrc- u<lo|iti><l to 

 -u|.|.r.-.. il,.. Ki-fornmtion were triuiiijihnnt ill 

 I -. hernia. Hpain, and Italy. In tin- Huguenot 

 wan religion wax c..mi.li. .a.-.l with |i!iiic* (nee 

 II M I: the Ih-iigontiiuled (q.v.) were 



part of a deliberate attempt to .-m-h out I'totcs 

 Unlinrn. The name penerution i ue<l in Knglnnd 

 nerially for the.ufleringn inflicted by CatholieH on 

 ProteatanU nn. I by I'nitextanUi ori I'ntholir* in 

 Mary ' anil Kli/t-tir rrign* ; in Scotland aUo on 

 UM mewMtre* tinl gaint the Covenanter* and 

 other rertiMinU in the 17th century. The oppnw- 

 legi>Ution agninpit lnilr|>n<|ent* in ('liarle* 

 i_-n may alo be clawd under thin head : and 

 MaMiwhnwtU and m<Mt of the I'uritnn .-.il.-i.i-- 

 paMil everal reprwwive meuuiren again-t llie 

 l^naker*. Tlw? peroeentioniicarriivl on in the Nether- 

 l.rnl. by tli- S|Mm.|i authoriti.-* (*M HMII.\\I>I 

 were epeoially cm-l nnd ]'ii.t.-nt. They com- 

 prWfl Be. ini|.n..iuiK-nt. Iwn. torture, )>eheniling, 

 tnuigling. trangling n<l burning, burning alive, 

 ban- ing aliv : ami their continuance goaib*! the 

 people into a great null. .mil revolt. It ilewrven to 

 be noted that the Mrennon* denunciation l.y Vol- 

 taire of the penerntion of the unfortunate' Calan 

 (o.v.) family led to a new chapter in the history 

 of loleraUon Fnrionn perMvation* extirpated 

 Catholicism (mm Japan in the middle of the 17th 



centnn-, and Core* in the middle of the llith. 

 The Orthodox Eastern Church haa in l!i 

 had the aiwiMtance of the state in tmmttaf the 

 Ilaxkolnik Hcctrie. Luther and MelHiiclitlion 

 were more i>ronounce<lly hostile to the hen i 

 a-tioiiomv at Copernicus than the Catholic million- 

 til-. A notable ca.sc of tlic pcr>e< iition of a I'm 

 testant by I'rotextanls is that of Senetns (tj.v. ; 

 nee also CALVIN). In thix case Calvin had the 

 sympathetic sup|Mirt of many foreign 1'rotestiii.t 

 cliurclu-s and their leaders. The ' theocratic ' system 

 estalilished in Ceneva by Calvin so confounded 

 errors, sins, and crimes as to turn the adrainiitri 

 tion of justice largely into a iK-rscciiting organisn- 

 lion; in three yeai-x there were lifty-ei^li! sentence- 

 of death, and over eight thousaml iniprisoiiin- 

 for the crime of blasphemy (see II n>; and Stead. 



Nir/fr/r/nwrf, 1891). The old Scottihh disciplii f 



the kirk session wax legnided as persecuting in 

 spirit long ere it ceaed to be rigorously applied. 

 '1 he (persecutions of the .lews were especially persist 

 en t and especially unsm-cessiiil, and have icciiin.l 

 in recent years in Knssia, Houiiinnia, and el-e\\ b. -i .-. 



From tlie same causes as persecution come much 

 other bloodshed ami strife, war ami devastation, 

 social oppression, and personal suffering. Meta- 

 physical principles formed the watchwords of 

 |K)litical an well asof ecclesiastical parties. 'These 

 evils mostly came from that which lias been a per- 

 manently disastrous fact in Christian histoiy the 

 interference of the state, which gave the decrees of 

 the councils that sanction which elevated the reso- 

 lutions of the majority IIIKIII the deepest subjects of 

 human speculation to the factitious rank of laws 

 which must lie accepted on pain of forfeiture, banish- 

 ment, or death' (Hatch, Il,i,l,,rt l.t;-tnret, 1888). 



'- i |HU tliu articles named above, csjtccially INQUISI- 

 TION and ToLEHATION ; Uo ALB1. -KNsl-s. A I TO DA Ft, 



BLASPHKHY, KHL-NO, CAMISARDB. CATHOLIC KMANCII-A- 

 TION, GALILKO, HKRESY, HrurtNoTs, MORMONS, VAL- 

 DINSEK, WITCHCBAPT; uch works as Koxc's Book of 

 Martyr* on one side, and on the other Clmlloner's 

 Sfemoin of Miuionary Prieult and other Cathuliet who 

 tuferrd Drath for Btiipion ; Buckle's Hittory of Cimlim- 

 tion; Lecky's Kationalitm in Europe; and Draper's 

 Conflict btttcttn Scienet and Rrlii/ion. 



PerseidH. See MHTKOHS, Vol. VII. p. 158. 



Persephone. See ritosKKiMNE. 



Persep'olis ( ' Persian City '), the (ireek trans- 

 lation of the lost name {PartO-Kortaf} of tin- 

 capital of ancient Persia, was silnated to the east 

 of the river Medus ( I'olwar- -i.e. Murghab), alnnit 

 14 miles al>vc its confluence with the Ai.< 

 ( Beiidpinir), in the plain of Mcrdusht, almnt .'*-" 

 miles to the north ea.-t of Sliiia/, on the road to 

 Isiiahan. A series of most remarkable ruins is 

 all thai now remains of that cily. with which. 

 according to ancient writers, 'no other city could 

 be compaicd either in l-ant\ or in wealth.' ami 

 which \\axgciierally designateil 'The Clory of tlie 

 East.' Darius llystaspes, Xer\e-. Artaxerxes, and 

 other Acha-inenide* ench in his tuni eoiil I ibuted 

 towards its aggrandisement. Alexander the (ireat 

 in hi- march of con.|iiest is said to have destroyed 

 IVi-i-poli- comph-tely ; but Ihis must probably 

 only l>e understiMMl to apply to some of the chief 

 palaces. It may also ! presumed that after th 

 fall of the Acha-metii.les the extension of Un- 

 original town (afterwards known as Istakln . 

 on which were situated the royal edifices and 

 the temple* usiil as nival treasuries up to the 

 time of Kpiiilmnes, gradually fell into decay. The 

 situation of llii-w stnictures, overlooking the vast 

 luxuriant plain of Menlusht, is descril>e,d in terms 

 of rapturous enthusiasm by every traveller from 

 Chardin to oin own -lay. Three groups are chiefly 

 distinguishable in the vast ruins existing on the 

 s|H.t. First, the ChehelMimir ( Forty Pillars ), 



