M 



the llamas and alpacas, had brought under cultiva- 

 tion main and uninoa, potatoes and many other 

 edible root*. understood mining unit the working 

 of metaU, and excelled an masons, weavers, jittcr-. 

 and farmer*. They brought the science of govern- 

 ment to a high pitch of perfection. The Inca* 

 rotnnoned songs and drama* ; and an soldiers their 

 skill and prowem enabled them to conquer and 

 consolidate a vast empire. Three centuries of 

 opprnwion under Spanish rule have deteriorated 

 toe character of the Inca Indian, hut he is still 

 industrious and honest, and retain* some of the 

 virtue* of hie ancestors. The wild Indians of the 

 . Montana were never subjugated by the Spaniards. 

 Spanish administration caused a rapid ilimimition 

 of the population. The Indiana of the Sierra were 

 decimated, while those of the coast-valleys dis- 

 appeared altogether. Negro slaves were then 

 introduced to cultivate the estates in the coast- 

 valleyx, and this system continued during Spanish 

 colonial rule, ami until lH5. r >. In that year slavery 

 was abolished, and the emancipation of the negro 

 population gave rise to difficulties in obtaining 

 labour. Chinese immigration schemes were re- 

 sorted to, and from IHtto to 1872 as many as 58,646 

 ' 



coolies were iiiijmrted. 



I'iril IHvixiunx, Cittet, and Toirns. Peru is 

 divided into depart menU, which are subdivided 

 into provinces. (In the coast, commencing from 

 the north, the departments are Piura, Lam- 

 bayeque, Lihertad (formerly Trujillo), Ancachs, 

 Lima, Ira, and .\rc.|ui|i. The capital of Piura 

 is San Miguel de Piura, founded by Pizarro, with a 

 seaport called Payta at a distance of 63 miles. The 

 next department of Ijinibayeque has a capital of 

 the same name, with three small seaports of San 

 Jose, Eten, and Pimentel. Libertad has the 

 episcopal city of Trujillo ax its capital, which was 

 founded by Pizarro in 1535. The seaports are 

 Huanchaco. Salaverry, and Huaiiape. Ancachs 

 does not contain any city of note. Lima ( q. v. ), 

 tin- capital of Peru, i< nearly in the centre of the 

 coast region, and has a population of almost 

 300.000. The department of lea, south of Lima, 

 ...... ] -d of the two pro\incei of lea and 



Chincha, fitch with a city, anil has its principal 

 seaport at Pisco. Arequi|>a was for sixteen years 

 the most southern department of Peru, Tacna and 

 Arica being occupied by the Chilian invaders. 

 Besides Molleiido ( 107 miles by rail from the city 

 f Arcqitijia), it also has smalt porta for export at 

 l-lnv. Quilca, and Chala 



The departments of tin- Sierra of Peru are Caja- 

 marca, Huanuco, liinin, lluaiicavelica, Ayacucho, 

 Aparimac, Cuzco, and Puno. Five of these have 

 prut iiii<-i al-o in tin- Montana; and there are 

 two department*, those of Amazonas and l^ireto, 

 ciitirclv in the Montana. On the coast the houses 

 are built of </<>/... i or large sun -dried bricks, and are 

 flat roof i-d. In the Sierra the housex are generally 

 of Mime, with Ufb-pitahad red tiled roofs. The 

 iinmt northiTii dc|iartmcnt contains the cities of 

 <'jamarca and .Iwn. Hiianuco has a capital of 

 the same name, .lunin contains the mining (own 

 of Cerro Fauro, and the cities of Tarma, .lauja. 

 e*pcton, and llnanrayo. Huancavelica is a 

 mountainous dc|nrtment, and its chief town owed 

 istancetot 



________________ 



which Peni gnim-d IHT indf|-ndciicc. Its chief city 

 of tominaiig.i. now called Aviieucho, was foundeil 

 irro in .tune l.Vt'.i. The Apurimac. de|mrt- 

 merit c<>mprif I In- I wo valleys of Andahiiaylas 

 and Ahunray. Cu/.-o i- the central de|wrtiiiciit 

 ..f the Sierra of Pent. Its capital wax formerly 

 theiiipilal of il,.. Inca empire, and the catlieilnil 

 and other chun-hm are raised on the palace- ,,f 

 the Incas. A few miles from Curco is the warm 



rpartment.'and its chief town owed 

 I lie proximity of a quick -silver mine. 

 received its name from the battle in 



and fertile valley of the Vilcamayu, containing 

 the delightful towns of rrubamba, Calca, Sicuani, 

 and Tinta. The department of Puno comprises 

 the basin of Titicaca and the rich province of 

 Caravaya in the Montana. It capital, on the 

 north-western shore of the lake, owes its origin ami 

 former prosperity to the rich veins of silver ore in 

 the surrounding hills. The other cities of the 

 department arc I .am pa and Chucuito. 



C'Anrr/i anil Eilitratian. When the Spaniards 

 conquered Peru the Catholic religion was enforced 

 on all natives, and a determined attempt was made 

 to crush out the modes of thought, traditions, and 

 culture of the Inca civilisation, and to substitute 

 new ideas and lirliefs. This det met h c system was 

 resolute and well organised, and was in great ]>art 

 successful. Education and literature were in the 

 hands of an intolerant priesthood. The cruel Friar 

 Valverde was made Bishop of Cuzco in 1534. The 

 an-hiiishopric of Lima was created in 1541, and the 

 bishoprics of Ouamanga, Arequijia, and Trujillo 

 were wlded in 161'2 and 1614. Swarms of clerics 

 followed the bishops, numerous monasteries were 

 founded, and an inquisitorial system of catechisim; 

 and punishing penetrated into every village mid 

 hamlet in the land. Schools were established in 

 the towns for the education of young Spaniards and 

 half-castes; and the University of San Marcos at 

 Lima, the most ancient in the New World, was 

 founded in 1551. It had professorial chairs of 

 medicine, philosophy, rhetoric, Latin, mathematio. 

 divinity, and for a short time of Quichua the 

 language of the Incas. In 1793 there were 313 

 doctors of San Marcos. The college of San Carlos 

 at Lima, which still flourishes, was founded in 

 1770, and the school of medicine was established in 

 1792. At Cuzco the university of San Antonio 

 Abad was foundeil in 1598, and the viceroy, Prince 

 of Esquilachi', also endowed the college of San 

 I'.'TJa there, for the education of noble Indians. 

 At Areqiiipa the college of San CJeronimo was 

 founded in 1616, for teaching Latin and theology, 

 and similar colleges were foundeil at Trujillo in 

 I ;_'! and at Ciiamanga in 1680. These universities 

 and colleges produced historians and other writers 

 of eminence, the best known in Europe lieing 

 l>r IVralla y Barnuevo, who wrote Limn rundadii, 

 and Leon Pinelo, the author of a well-known 

 bibliography. In later times, and since the inde- 

 pendence, I J em has produced numerous meritorious 

 writers, including the learned Dr Vigil, the anti- 

 quary Rivero, the historians Lorente and Palma, 

 the geographers Paz Soldan and Unanue, the poets 

 Marque/, AlthaiiH, and 'Juan de Arona,' ami the 

 biographer Mendibiini. Additional colleges have 

 been establixhed in the large towns, and numerous 

 schools in the villages, within the last fifty years. 

 I'.i-idns the university of Lima there are twolesser 

 universities at Cuzco and Arequipa. There are 

 high schools maintained by government in the 

 capitals of the departments. Education is < nomi- 

 nally I compulsory for both sexes, and is free in the 

 municipal public xchools, yet but a fraction of the 

 population has attended any school. 



Ilixinrii. l-'rom very ancient times there were 

 agricultural communities in the Sierra of Peru, 

 gradually ;id\ancing in the arts of government and 

 of peace, and there were people of a different race in 

 the coast .valleys, who were also civilised. The plants 

 t hey had brought under cultivation, and the animals 

 they bad domesticated, are among the proofs of the 

 great- antiquity of Penman civilisation. Kvcntu 

 ally all the diHerent communities were united under 

 one empire, and the Incax, in the course of some 

 live centuries, developed a highly centralised system 

 of government. Civilisation never attained to such 

 a height among any other of the indigenous i 

 of America. The Incas attempted the aduiinistra- 



