I'KIM <;IA 



{(net on thr IOAIIN ceased in 1876. Pardo re 

 duced lilt-army, regulated the Chineiie immigration, 

 i.r..m..t.il thr exploration of navigable riven* in the 

 Montana, organiiwd an ctticient plan for the collec- 

 tion of tatUtic*, and act ii el ycii.-ouraged literature 

 and .iliication. II.- wan the bet president Peru 

 luwevcr known, ami in August 1876 he waa peace- 

 fully hiie.-r.il.-d liy ticneral l*rado. 



In 1S79 IVm wa confronted with the over 

 whelming misfortune of a Chilian invasion. Chili 

 coveted tin- pwwwwion of the nitrate deposits in 

 nirUn ooaM |n..\ inc.- of Taraiwra. A sin- 

 , . ... ; | ,{, f, n .- ol I 1 . .: : nendi "M Hi'- m.-t-t-T\ !' 

 the *ea. IVm hail two old-fashioned ironclads. 

 Chili al> had twi>. lint of new construction and 

 with thicker armour plate*. One. of the Peruvian 

 ironclad* wa* shipwrecked. Tho other, commanded 

 by th- li.-r.iir A.lmiral Gran, a native of Piura, was 

 raptured, after a nm-t ^allani defence, maintained 

 again*! tin- combined attack from tin- two Chilian 

 inni.-U.l- On the sth Octol-cr 1ST!) ho ami nearly 

 all hi* olliccrs fell in defence of the Hunsrur. the 

 hhip.'ii which the fate of th.-ir country de]x-ndiil. 

 Tara|ca wax iM-.-ii|ii.il after the lorn of two well 

 :.-d battle*. In IK80 the battle of Tacna 

 ealed the fate of that drjuirtmcnt ; and, after the 

 -jieratc battles of ( horillos and Miration-* in 

 1881. I. mi. i itwlf was iK-ciipied by the Chilians. 

 Public work-* were demolished and private estates 

 Mted along the coast, while iii the capital the 

 invader* even dentrov.i I the valuahle public library. 

 General Caeem still kept up a patriotic resistance 

 t<> the invader* in the interior. 



In the autumn of INK! the Chilians induce.! one 

 of the Peruvian leaders, named Igle-ia-. to submit 

 to their terms. In OctoU-r he sign.il a treaty of 

 pekoe and wan allowi-d to enter Lima. Tara|eii 

 waa ceded to Chili: Tacna ami Arica were to be 

 belli by Chili for ten yean, after which a popular 

 rota afiould decide whether they were to belong to 

 Pern or Chili, the country chosen |ying the other 

 .<|o ii ..Hi-, and there were some articles, favour- 

 able tn Chili. respecting the guano-deposits. The 

 Chilans evaciiat.-il I'eru in Augu-i ISM. and their 

 nominee. Igl.-Ma. fnllow.il them in DccemlxT 

 On :<d .tune |ss<; Ceiicral Caceres. who bad 

 Kallantlydefend.il his country a^.iin-i the Chilians 

 from lirxt to la-t, U-iann- constitutional president 

 i.f Peru. His policy was retreiiclimenl and the 

 pro!" tion of the Indian |>opiilatioii. Payment of 



Utbrentof the foreign debt had iH-eonie ilMIHlssiblc. 



Hut a wheme wan arranged in IKtNi by which the 

 forrign liondholders funned themselves into n 

 conijiiinv to n-cei\e all the railways for a term 

 of "i\ly f\\ years, with mining, emigration, and 

 other prix ilexes. In return the com|inv is i.. 

 fompleti- the railway Hvxteni. and cancel the debt 

 through the prolito. iVni was slowly recovering 

 fn.in tin- di-JL-troii- ell'ect of a frreat calamity, 

 when in 1WH -95 another insumi-tioii broke out. 

 and a n-w government wax estlilihe.| In I vis n.. 

 tern had been tken for the relr.~-.-si.in of Tacna 

 ami Arira, th'- negotiations an to the method of 

 voting ItavinK fallen through. 



For Uw birtnrr of th looa* and their drilimtion. 

 M tb. worki of Ciea d* Uwn. Molina, Balboa, Oar- 

 dbMo A U V^a, MoDtMtno*. and Aoorta, all. .,.t 

 MontMiMa. tnuwlaUd Into KnglUh for the Haklnyt 

 8odtT ; aim Rirm' AntuninlnHit I'rruana* (with 

 Von thu.li. Vl,. 1HS1 ). ..f whirl, .n KnglUh trn.- 

 laMoa appeared altvnranb at New York; and th<- 

 kMorta* of RoUrUon. LoranU, i'nmmtt, H.-l,. n.l 

 WhMor (TO). i.|, and thr trmreln ..f D'Orhignr. Hquier, 

 WlMMt. and lUu. and Kl,.t I For th (3onqueit, ww, 

 haaiiln RoberUoo, Pmoott. and H. l|-, the nurrativr of 

 Xfa. Pbarro'i Mcntarr (Kng. Iran*. lUkluyt Hoc.), 

 aad U writinp of Herrrr*. linniara. Zarat, 1'ixlro, 

 flam, a*d Fwnaado. For the period of the riorrora. 

 a'l Lift of ttu .Varr/ua of GaUte, the 



(\nmielr of Calanrka. and the Memorial dr lot Virert* ,- 

 alw> the more recent worlu of D.HI Kiraido 1'alnuw, pub- 

 linlml at Lima, and Saldamando'a Hittnry of tkt Jetuitt 

 in Peru. The document* relating to the great rebellion 

 of Tupac Amaru were publinli.il by Angelii at Buenoe 

 Arree, and there are further particular! in the work of 

 Dean Funes: ne aUo Weddcll " Voyagt data If Norddt 

 Baiivif, and Harkham'i Trartli in Peru and India 

 (1862). Kor the war of independence, iee works by 

 Stevencon, the Chilian author V icuna Mackenna, General 

 (iarcia Oamba, the Memoirs of General Miller (Ixmd. 

 1828), the Autobiography of the Karl of Dundonald, 

 and the great biographical work of General Mcndilmru : 

 for the war with Chili, narrativea from the Chilian point 

 of view by Harroe-Arana and Mackenna, and from the 

 Peruvian by Pax Soldan, and the preeent writer's/fi-/ 

 of the War between Peru, and Chi/i (1883). For the geo- 

 graphy, the (Jeoyrafia del Peru, by Pae Soldan, and the 

 3 vola. on Peru by Kaimondi are important works. There 

 are further English works on IV-ni by Hill (WM), Hutch- 

 iuson (1874), Dufficld ( 1877 ), Ouillaume (1888) ; Fi. 

 works by Urandidier (18;$) and Ch (-rot ( 1871) ) ; and Cer- 

 man works by WappauH ( 1864 ), Von Tschudi ( lWi ), and 

 Middendorff (3 vols. 1894-95). See also Von Tschudi V 

 Kefhva Ximicht (1853), the present writer's Quich'i'i 

 Untmmar and Dictionary (18G3). Middeiidurtf. 1> 

 Kinkeimitcken Spratken Peru't (18!)0 et teg.), and the 

 present writer's History of Peru (Chicago, 18<J2). 



IVru, ( 1 ) a citv of Illinois, at the head of 

 navigation on the Illinois Kiver, 10() miles by rail 

 \VS\V. of Chicago. It contains zinc-works, a 

 foundry, a plough factory, and several ice-houses. 

 Pop. (1900) 6863. (2) Capital of Miami county, 

 Indiana, on the Wabash Kiver, and on the Wabasli 

 and Erie Canal, 75 miles by rail N. of Indianapolis. 

 Its mill- and factories produce woollens, bagging, 

 furniture, basket- ware, &c. Pop. (1900)8463. 



Perugia, a city of Italy, stands ( 1706 feet above 

 sea-level ) on the right bank of the Tiber, 11 miles 

 E. of the lake of Perugia (anc. /./i<-\ Ti-iixii>n-inix\ 

 and 1-27 miles by rail N. of Koine. It is surrounded 

 with walls pierced by gates (one of them very old). 

 The broad Corso, which contains the haihlsoine-i 

 edifices, unites two squares, in one of which stands 

 the Gothic cathedral of St Lawrence, .luting from 

 the end of the 15th century, ami adorned with many 

 paintings, carvings, &c. The church of St Dominic 

 (MKtt) contains the tomb of POJM- Benedict XI. by 

 Ciovanni Pisano, and stained windows < lln-. 1 : the 

 remarkable church of St Peter ( 1 1th century ) has 

 gianite pillars, and pictures by Raphael, Pciugino, 

 1'armigiano ; these are only two out of several note 

 worthy churches. In the cathedral square stand 

 also tiie (iothic municipal palace ( 1281 ), with < In- 

 valuable art gallery, especially rich in productions 

 of the I'mhrian school ; the great fountain, adorned 

 with statue- by Niccolo and Giovanni I'i.-iino; the- 

 statue of Pope Julius III. (1555). described in N. 

 Hawthorne's Marble Faun; and the old money 



changers' hall (1463-67). d rated with some ..i 



Penigino's Ix-st works. In the vicinitv of the city 

 a number of Ktruscan tomlw were discovered in 

 184(1; they contained cinerary urns, lamps, n 

 bron armour, ornaments, &c. The universit; 

 (Ii7) has 20 teachers and 130 students, abntani 

 rnl garden, an obaervatory, a valuable antiquaiiiin 

 museum, and a library '( 1852) of 30,000 vols. 

 There is also an academy of line arte, with an ail 

 M'h.Mil. Silk and woollen goods, wax-candles, and 

 liqueur* are manufactured. Pop. (1881) 17,395. 

 Peiugia, the ancient I'rnixin, was one of the 

 twelve Ktrmian n-publican cities. It was besieged 

 and raptured by the Romans in 310 H.C., and again 

 in4()li.c.,and by Totila (549). At different iK-rio.l- 

 during the next thirteen centuries it was subjected 

 to the |HI|H-S. ex]>pcially after the middle of the 16th 

 century ; at other times it was independent, though 

 in the power of native despot*. In the 15th cen- 

 tuiy it liecame the centre of the I'nihrian school 



