N 



PK8TALOZZ1 



PE8TH 



under the patronage nf tin- Sisi- government, he 

 .iiirned an exiterimenUil schixil of hi own, still at 

 lierthoad. While there ! |mlilUhe<l How (icrirudt 

 Rdueatt* far CkHdrtm. (teinmiiv giwdikrdcvmwd 

 the book. It U the recognised" exposition of the 

 I'enMlouian method, ami sets for'h that the 

 development of human nature should I:,- in depend- 

 ence upon natural lawn, with which it is the Im-in.- 

 of every good education t< ..... mply : '" " rr ''' r l<) 

 etablisli a good teacliini; method. learn liist !o 

 understand nature, it/. general processes in man, and 

 iU particular processes ill each individual ; olwerva- 

 tion, the result of which is a spimtaneous percep- 

 tion i intuition) of things, i the method liy which 

 all ohiecU of knowledge are brought home to us. 

 Thin last aftinnation. containing in essence the 

 whole theory of no-called intuitional education, is 

 the corner-Htone on which the Cerman Volkschule 

 ( ' fol k school ' ) in Iniilt. the guiding principle of 

 numherlem Ixxiks written for children, and the 

 abject of numberless treatises on education. 



In 1805 Pestalozzi moved his sch.n.1 to Vverdon, 

 which here drew upon him the eyes of all Europe ; 

 in -pile. hou.-ti-r. of thi- his greatest moment of 

 popularity and promise of worldly success, he 

 entered upon a course of mistakes that led him 

 to the grave, a disappointed and unsuccessful 

 man. Deviating from the field of primary teach- 

 ing. he applied his meiliiMl in a large secondary 

 lio.il for the sons of notable Europeans attracted 

 by hi- fame. His old incapacity in practical 

 affair* brought the school down step by step till 

 it was closed in 1825, and Pestalozzi, aged eighty, 

 distracted by the enmity of some of his former 

 colleague*, winking under difficulties of his own 

 making, an object of mingled pity and respect, 

 addrnxx-il to mankind the >'/(/ of the Sinin, a. 

 laot educational prayer, and withdrew to Brugg 

 (Aargau). where lie died. 17th February IS-JT. 

 Peataloui's books are all written in Cerman. 



8*e ilia article ' PMtaloni ' in the but edition of Quick'! 

 JTjM.vf ( 1890) ; Morf, Zur BtajrapMc Patuloan (4 vula. 

 1864-KB); De Oniinp.' monograph, truuUted by John 

 Rusttll (1890); KniM'i Ptttaluezi (New York, 1875); 

 Lmmard a*d Urrirude ( Kng. tram. 182S); and, above 

 il. I'.rialoai, &*dt Bioyrapkiqut (1890), by J. (.ml 

 . 



Pettth. or more correctly HrDAPEST, because 



i>;:t it ha* Ix-en uiiiuil with Briu MJ.T. 



into one municipality, is the capital of linn 

 "er \ ienn'a the s< ...... id city of the 



Austrian-Hungarian empire. It stands "on the 

 Danube, Hnda on the right hunk and Pesth on 

 the left. 173 miles by rail SSK. of Vienna. The 

 two towns ar ...... nnecti-d hy three bridg.*, a chain 



bridge (designed by Clark Brothers of England in 



'I). 1S90 feet long, uniting the busiest 

 quarfn of the two: another, built in IxT'j ::,, 

 a little higher np ( 1.155 feet long) ; and a railway 

 Mdjfl nw the southern en, I of ) H .th towns'. 

 in rwntiallv a m.lem place, the growth 

 prin. ipally of the I'Mh century; it has many line 

 treeU and |uare. the magnificent auays (3 miles 

 limg) Iwwide the Dntinlx. Inking the favourite pro- 

 mrnailmi; the hiiildingn are chiefly noteworthv for 

 tbeir ralUntial ap|warance and frequently large 

 M. Amount them may lie enumerated the Jew- 

 Mi synagogue ( the hnndsoineot place of worship ill 

 the U)i the parish cl.urcl, ( I.VK)) and the new 

 Leopold hm.ili.-a (IM1-68); the national 



S80), rontaining collections of pictui.-. 

 thuography. natural hiMory. mineralogy, 



' 



. . , Kia. 



Bumtamatio., and nlastor casts, and a' library of 

 400.000 volume and (1.1. (Km Mss. ; i|,e ftrn ,|eni'y of 



. 



(1802). cnaWUninK a small coll,--tion of 

 alna).le old i.icturr.. another of engravings and 

 drawing*, and a lil.rarv of BO.dOO volumes; the 

 niver.it y ( 1630), esUblwhe.1 first at Tvrnau, then 



at Hilda in 1777, and lastly at Pesth in 1S73, with 

 2.W lecturers and 4000 students, equipped with 

 i.\celli-nt M-ientilic lalioratories, &c.. and a librnry 

 of 200,OW volumes; the cnstom-house (1870 71 

 liarracks, military academy ( 1H7'2), Klaughter hun-i- 

 ( 1870-72), industrial and commercial museums; and 

 the magnificent new parliament houses and (lie 

 palace of justice, completed for the millennial 

 celebration in 1896. 



Whilst Pesth stands on a plain, Ruda straggles 

 over small KU-ep hills, and is backed by \inei-la.l 

 slo]M'n. It is a much older tmvn. il-rentral feature 

 iH'ing the castle in the citadel (1749-71), iih tb<> 

 cha|M'l of St Sij;isiniind, in which are preserved tlie 

 crown regalia of Hungary and the hand of St 

 Stephen ; the church of the Ascension and that 

 of St John (13th century); the palaces of the 

 Homed ministry, the premier, and Archduke 

 Joseph ; the monumental tomb of Gill I> 

 i l.~4.'{-48), a Turkish suint ; and the national 

 lunatic asylum ( 1860-68). 



Both towns are exceptionally well provided with 

 baths, which are supplied both hy the Dannlic and 

 by numerous natural springs of mineral watei>. 

 Some of these last Hunyadi Janos. liakoc/.y, \c 

 are exporteil in large cjnantities in Ixittles. The 

 artesian well in the public garden of Pesth has been 

 already referred to under ARTKSIAN \\'KI.L. The 

 water- works of Pesth were planned and built b\ 

 the English engineer Lindley in 1868. Btith towns 

 PO--I-S- ;i:i iinu-u.-il numbc'i ot philantbropii' in^ti 

 tntions, such as hospitals, asylums. \'c. There i- 

 in Pesth a polytechnic (in Hnda. 1840 72), with 

 faculties of cheinistiy, aichitecture, and engineer- 

 in^', attended by li'JO students, who are ttiught by 

 TII lecturers. A great iminlier of learned and scien- 

 tilie societies llonrisli ; and there is a music 

 academy. The people are gay and fond of amuse- 

 ment, especially horseracing and rowing. There 

 are two ueautifnl public gardens, one in IVsth, 

 the other on Margaret Inland in the Danube, just 

 alxivc the town. The square* and streets of both 

 Pesth and Hilda are adorned with many statues 

 of celebrated Hungarians. The following figures 

 will show the extraordinarily rapid grown- 

 Budapest : pop. in is 1:1 MS 86,168 < ill ls:t:t. 

 63,148; 1857, 110,6S3; 1809,270,476; 1881, 37n.7<i7 : 

 1891, 491.93H. The last summation includes I l.(HKi 

 military. The figure for 1881 embraced 7. r >,74 in 

 Hilda and 294,973 in Pesth ; amongst these wt-n- 

 close upon 71,000 Jews, mostly living in Pesth. 

 Budapest is the first manufacturing town of Hun 

 gary. The making of machinery and agricultural 

 implements, wagons, ami ships', the manufacture 

 of spiriU, toU^o. lieer, gold and silver wines. 

 cutlery, st^^^A glass, and innumerable other 

 articles, thi^^^Riling of corn, \va-hing of wool, 

 and printing are all piosecuted on the large scale; 

 there is here a small arms factory. But the 

 commerce is even more important : immense quan- 

 tities of corn are brought into the town, and e\ 

 ported further either as corn or Hour; wool, wine 

 and spirits, oil-seeds and agricultural seeds, hemp, 

 tobacco, plums (from Bosnia and Servia), hone\ 

 and wax, lincon, hides, feathers, timber, coal, and 

 manufactured wares are the principal articles of 

 tin- extensive trade. Vast numbers of swine 

 are fattened and killed in huge yards just outside 

 Pesth. 



The Romans had a military colony on the site 

 of the modern Buda. In the 13th century there 

 c\ited here a flourishing (iermiin town, Old Hilda. 

 This wan destroyed by the Mongols in 1241 : 

 but it soon recovered from the blow. Hilda was 

 regarded as the capital of the country from the 

 middle of the same century down to it capture 

 by the Turks in 1527. From 1641 down to 1086 

 the Turks held Buda, though it wan besieged 



