I'KTKKHOF 



PETER'S-PENCE 



variety u so much mw.1 for monumental purposes. 

 The keiths, Earls Mariwlial, were Mi|H-riors of the 

 place till the rebellion ..f 171.'.. hen the Old Pro- 

 tender landed here, and after wliicli their forfeited 

 .--tU were purchased by the Edinburgh Mer- 

 cliant Maiden Hospital, to whose governors many 

 iniproremeato are owing. Of Marshal Keith (q.v.) 

 .1 bronje statue was presented to the town 

 in I860 by King William of Prussia ; and the 

 market-eras, a granite TiiHcan pillar (1833), bears 

 the anus of the Earls Marischal. The public 

 building* include the town-hall ( 1788), with a spire 

 125 feet high ; the pariah church (1803), with one 

 I 118'feet; the free library and museum (1891 ); 

 the academy (1846): and convict prison (1889). 

 Industries are woollen manufacture, lioat-building, 

 and granite-polishing. Peterhead wan made a 

 bead-port in 1838. From 1788 it gradually became 

 the chief British seat of the seal and whale 

 fisheries, until in 1852 it sent out 30 ships ; but 

 since then there has been a great decline. At 

 present Peterhead is chiefly ini|Kirtant for its 

 great herring fishery, which employs upwards of 

 500 boats, and which during the herring season 

 brings some 5000 persons to the place. The 

 oath harbour was commenced in 1773, and the 

 north harbour in 1818, a canal being formed 

 between them in 1S.VI; whilst a new harbour 

 was formed and the Mouth harUmr deepened under 

 of Ix7:t and ls7i>. Their three basins, hewn 

 out of the solid rock, together cover about 22 acres, 

 and have cost 300,000 ; but all three are as nothing 

 i .mipared with the great harbour of refuge, the 

 works for which, designed by Sir .lolm Coode, were 

 commenced in 1886, and are to be completed in 

 1921 at a cost of 746,000. In the neighbourhood 

 are the ruins of Inverngie, Kavenscraig, and Bod- 

 dam castles, all strongholds of different branches 

 of the Keith* ; Itnchaii New, the most easterly 

 |>int of Scotland, with a lighthouse (1827); and 

 the Uullers of Buchan (q.v.). Since 1833 Peterhead 

 has united with Elgin, Arc. to return one member 

 to parliament. Pop. (1801) 3264; (1851) 7298; 

 ( 1881 ) 10,922 ; ( 1891 ) 12,226. 



8e Peter Bnehan'i Annali of Peter/lead (1819), be- 

 dM worki by W. Lung (1793) and Arbuthnot (1815). 



Pelerhof, a palace of th ..... nperor of Russia, 

 on the nouthem shore of the Cult of Finland, 18 

 miles W. of St Petersburg, was built by Peter the 

 tt iti 1711, contains a tine i-olli-.-iimi of |taint- 

 inR, and is surrounded by lieautiful |Hirks mid 

 gardens laid out on the model of those at Ver- 

 oailles, with cascades, terraces, and summer- houses. 

 The town of IVtcrhof has 14.2JIH inhabitants. 



Prter Lombard. See LOMBARD. 

 Pet'-rloo MaaiUtCre. the name i-opiilarly 

 given to the dispersal of a large meeting hy armed 

 in St Peter* Field, .\laiichest.-i, Nlonday, 

 IH. 1819. The assemblage, consisting 



ly of IxMlien of operatives from different part* 

 of IwincAnhirc. wan railed to consider the i|tu>!.tion 

 of |Mirliamentary reform, and the chair, on oiien 

 hn.lingn, was occupied by 'Orator Hunt (,i.v.). 

 The dispersal took place by order of the magi* 

 lr*U; several troops of bom, including the Man- 

 chester Yeomanry. U-ing concerm-d in the affair. 

 Kleren persons (men, women, ami children) were 

 killed, awl some ttfio woiuuhil. St. l',.|er 's Fiel.l is 

 now the site of the Free-trade Hall. IVterloo' 

 was a name suggested by Waterloo. 



IVl.-r >l:irlr. the patron saint of the In- 

 ,uiMti..n. a Itoininican of Verona, who. for the 

 ity with which be exerciwd his imiuisitorial 

 function-.. wa in 1252 slain at Como by the infuri- 

 ated popular*. His death formed the 'subject of a 

 ' by Titian, destroyed by Bre at Venice 



artyr ( Ital. Pittro Martire Vcrmigli), 

 Reformer, was born in Florence, BeptenWr 8, 

 1500, entered at sixteen the onler of the canons 

 regular of St Augustine at Fiesole, studied at 

 Padua, and became abliot of Spoleto, and later 

 prior of St Peter ad Aram near Naples. Here 

 he was drawn into the doctrines of the Reformers 

 by the teaching of Juan Valdes and Ochino, yet 

 was appointed visitor-general of his order in 

 1541. His rigour made him hateful to the dis- 

 solute monks, and he was sent to Lucca as prior of 

 San Fredianp, but soon fell under the suspicions of 

 the Inquisition, and had to flee to Zurich ( 15-1-J . 

 At Strasbnrg he was welcomed by Bucer, and made 

 professor of the Old Testament. In 1547 he came 

 to England on Cranmer's invitation, lectured nt j 

 Oxford on 1 Corinthians and Komans, and took an 

 active part in the great contro\ei>v of Ihe day. 

 Mary's accession drove him back to Strn-sburg, now- 

 grown too Lutheran for his tastes, and at length in 

 1555 he repaired to Zurich, where he died, Novem- 

 ber 12, 1562. His admirable Loci (.'mutium,'* was 

 printed at London in 1575. See the study bv ('. 

 Schmidt ( Elberfeld, 1858). 



Peter Martyr AiiKlerius. historian, was 

 born in 1459 at Arona, on the Lugo Majijriore, of 

 an ancient family belonging to Anghera, obtained 

 a footing at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella in 

 1487, and rose to high ecclesiastical preferment 

 in Spain. He was ultimately named Bishop of 

 Jamaica, and died at Granada in 1525. He \\rote 

 De Orbe Ifovo (1516), giving the first account of 

 the discovery of America ; De Legations 13<i/it//<,i,i<-u 

 (1516); and Opus Epistolaritm (1530). See Iter- 

 nays, Prints Martyr Anglerius und sein Ojnis 

 Eputolamm (1890). 



Petersburg, the third city of Virginia, on the 

 south bank of the Appomattox River, 23 miles by 

 rail S. of Richmond. The falls al>ove supply water- 

 power for foundries, cotton, flour, and paiier mills, 

 and especially toltacco-factoriea. Petersburg U a 

 well-built place, and contains a fine park. In the 

 campaign of 1864 Grant, failing to take Richmond, 

 l~-si..j;eil Pstenbnrg, and was repulsed in several 

 attacks by General Beauregard, with heavy loss. 

 Pop. (1900) 21,810. 



Petersburg. See ST PETERSBURG. 



Petersficld, a market-town of Hampshire, 20 

 miles NNE. of Portsmouth by rail. Till 1832 it 

 returned two members, and then till 1885 one. 

 Fop. 1646. 



IVtrrV|M'll'e dtrn,irin.i .S". Petri), the name 

 giren to a tribute offered to the Roman pontill in 

 reverence of the memory of St Peter. From an 

 early period the Roman see hail IH-CII richly en- 

 dowed ; but the first idea of an annual tribute 

 came from Anglo-Saxon England. It is a~nil>e,l 

 by some to Ina (721 A.D ), king of Wessex. by 

 others t.. Oll'a of Mercia, and by Lingard to Alfred 

 the Great. It was extended to Ireland bv Henry 

 II. The tribute consisted in the payment of asihn 

 )H-nny by every family posse-sing land or call k 

 the yearly value of 30 ix-nce, and it was collected 

 during the five weeks between St Peter's and Si 

 Paul's Hay and August 1. The tax, also called 

 BOOM -cot, vaii.nl greatly in amount, but continued 

 to IN. paid with intervals till the reign of llenrv 

 VIM. By Gregory VII. it was sought t<> establish 

 it for France; and traces of a similar payment 

 ap|.-ar also in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and 

 Poland. This tribute differed from the payments of 



the feudatory kingdoms, such as. Naples, Aragon, 

 and Kngland under the reign of .John. The tribute 

 <l at the Reformation. The pope 

 having Miillered a considerable diminution of his 

 own revenue since the revolution of 184H, an eflort 

 was made in several parts of Europe to revive the 



