PEWSEY 



PFORZHEIM 



103 



anil decrees tliat none shall claim a seat as his 

 own except noblemen and the patrons. Gradually, 

 however, the system of appropriation was extended 

 to other inhabitants of the parish, to the injury of 

 the poor, and the multiplication of disputes. 



The law of pews in England is briefly this. All 

 church seats are at the disposal of the bishop, and 

 may l>e assigned by him, by faculty, to persons 

 owning property in the parish. Long occupation 

 may give an owner of property a prescriptive title 

 to a pew. Subject to rights acquired by faculty or 

 prescription, the churchwardens are required to 

 find seats for the parishioners, according to their 

 degree ; they may assign a pew to a parishioner, 

 but the right thus conferred may at any time be 

 recalled. In new churches pews may be assigned 

 and pew-rents levied under several acts of parlia- 

 ment. See Dale's Clergyiiuin's Handbook. It 

 Appears that by common law every parishoner has 

 a right to a seat in the church, and the church- 

 wardens are bound to place each one as best they 

 an. The practice of letting pews, except under 

 the church-T)uilding acts or special local acts of 

 parliament, and, much more, of selling them, has 

 oeen declared illegal. 



In Scotland pews in the parish churches are 

 assigned by the Heritors (q. v. ) to the parishioners, 

 who have accordingly the preferable claim on them ; 

 in towns the practice is to let them annually. As 

 i* well known, pews in dissenting churches are 

 rented as a means of revenue to sustain general 

 charges. In some parts of the United States pews 

 in rlmrrhes are a matter of annual competition, 

 and bring large sums. Latterly, in England, there 

 has been some discussion as to the injuriously 

 exclusive character of the 'pew system,' and in 

 many churches the open seats or chairs are un- 

 appropriated and free to all. In a good many 

 Ritualistic churches the sexes are divided, as in 

 some country churches has been the case with the 

 peasantry since pre- Reformation days. In the 

 Roman Catholic churches on the Continent pews 

 are seldom to be seen. 



Pewsey, a small market-town of Wiltshire, in 

 a. fertile vale, 18 miles E. of Devizes and 7 SSW. of 

 Marl borough. Pop. of parish, lIS'.l.'i. 



Pewter, a common and very useful alloy of the 

 metals tin and lead. See ALLOY. 



l* 4 zeiias, a town of France (dept. Herault), on 

 tin' left bank of the river Herault, 32 miles by rail 

 -S\V. of Montnellier. The vicinity produces excel- 

 lent wine, and woollen and linen goods are manu- 

 factured. Pezenas is one of the principal brandy- 

 markets of Europe. Here Moliere wrote Les 

 Precieuses Ridicules. Pop. (i.">.SH. 



Pf.lfers, hot springs in the canton of St Gall, 

 Switzerland, in the deep and gloomy gorge of the 

 Taniina torrent, which joins the Rhine at Ragatz, 

 2^ miles to the north. They were discovered 

 towards the middle of the 1 1 th century, and have 

 lieen used ever since. Patients used formerly to 

 be let down by ropes, but they can now approach 

 by a good road. The water (97" F. ) is conducted 

 in |>i]>* to Ragatz, though there are bath-houses 

 (1704) in the ravine. Near the village of Pfiifers 

 (po|i. 1628), which stands aliove and outside the 

 ravine, is a Benedictine abbey, founded in the 8th 

 century, hut converted into a lunatic asylum after 

 its dissolution in 1838. 



Pfalz. the German name for the Palatinate (q.v.). 



PfalzhlirK. See PHALSBOfKii. 



PreifFer, In v (nfe REYER), a celebrated female 

 (lobe-trotter, was Ixirn at Vienna, October 15, 1797. 

 In 1820 she married an advocate named Pfeiffer, 

 from whom she was obliged to obtain a separation. 

 \Vln-n she had settled her two sons in life, she 



proceeded to gratify, at the age of forty-five, her 

 long-cherished inclination for a life of travel and 

 adventure. Her lirst expedition was to the Holy 

 Laud in 1842. She published an account of her 

 eastern rambles in the following year, which, like 

 all her other works, went througn many editions, 

 and was translated into French and English. In 

 1845 she visited northern EuropeSweden, Nor- 

 way, Lapland, and Iceland and recorded her im- 

 pressions in another book, Skandinavien und 

 Island (2 vols. 1846). Resolving in 1846 on a 

 voyage round the world, she started from Hamburg 

 in a Danish brig for Brazil. She then sailed round 

 Cape Horn to Chili, thence across the Pacific to 

 Otaheite, China, and Calcutta, traversed India, 

 Persia, western Asia, southern Russia, and Greece, 

 and re-entered Vienna in 1848. Two years later 

 she published a narrative of her travels and adven- 

 tures, entitled Eine Frauenfahrt urn die Welt 

 (3 vols. 1850). Meine Zweite Weltreise (1856) 

 describes a second journey round the world from 

 England by the Cape to Java, Borneo, California, 

 Peru, and the United States (1851-54). In 1856 

 she set out on what was to be her last expedi- 

 tionnamely, to Madagascar. After enduring ter- 

 rible hardships, she got away, and came home to 

 Vienna to die, October 28, 1858. 



Pfleiderer, OTTO, a great philosophic theo- 

 logian of Protestant Germany, was born at Stetten, 

 near Cannstadt in Wiirtemberg, September 1, 

 1839 ; studied under Baur, at Tubingen, from 1857 

 till 1861, and next paid a visit of study to England 

 and Scotland ; l>ecame pastor at Heilbronn in 1868, 

 and superintendent at Jena in 1870, an office which 

 in the same year he exchanged for the chair of 

 Theology there. In 1875 he was called to be pro- 

 fessor of Systematic Theology at Berlin. In New 

 Testament criticism PHeiderer belongs to the 

 younger critical school which has grown out of 

 the impulse given by Baur. But he is not the 

 less an independent tliinker, acute, suggestive, and 

 profoundly learned, and he has made his name as 

 well known in England and America as in Ger- 

 many by a series of works which no serious student 

 of philosophy or theology can afford to overlook. 

 Of these the chief are Die Religion, ihr Wesen und 

 ihre Geschichte (2 vols. 1869; 2d ed. 1878); Der 

 Patilinismus ( 1873 ; 2d ed. 1890 ; Eng. trans. 2 vols. 

 1877 ) ; Religions-philosophie auf geschichtlieher 

 i ;, milage (2 vols. 1878; 2d ed. 1883-84; Eng. 

 trans. 4 vols. 1 886-88 ) ; Zttr religiosen Verstcind- 

 igung ( 1879) ; Grundriss der Christlichen Glaubens 

 und Sittenle/ire ( 1880 ; 4th ed. 1888); T/ie Influence 

 of thf Apostle Paul on, Christianity, the Hibbert 

 Lectures for 1885; Das Unchristentum (1887); 

 The Development of Theology since Kant (Lond. 

 1890) ; ana The Philosophy and Development of 

 Jteliyion, the Gifford Lectures for 1894. 



His brother, EDMUND PFLEIDERER, born at Stet- 

 tin 12th October 1842, studied at Tubingen, and 

 after a short experience as a pastor was made pro- 

 fessor of Philosophy at Kiel in 1873, whence he was 

 called to Tubingen in 1878. His writings include 

 studies on Leibnitz ( 1870), on Empiricism and 

 Scepticism in Hume's Philosophy (1874), modern 

 1'essiiiiism (I87">), Kantian criticism and English 

 philosophy (1881), Arnold Geulinx (1884), Lotze 

 (2d ed. 1884), Heraclitus of Ephesus (1886), &e. 



Pforzheim, the chief manufacturing town of 

 Baden, stands at the northern border of the Blaqk 

 Forest, 20 miles SE. of Carlsruhe by rail. It 

 contains the remains of an ancient castle, from 

 1300 to 1565 the residence of the Margraves of 

 Baden-Durlach, and was the birthplace of Reuchlin. 

 The town is famous for the manufacture of gold 

 and silver ornaments, in which 8000 people are 

 employed, and has further chemical and iron 



