104 



I'H.KHIM s 



I'UALLUS 



work-, machine -hops, tanneries, |per anil other 

 fuel. HI.-. Than i a trade in liml-ei. rattle. 

 oimimcnt. \c. Tin- town was Ininiiil I iy the 

 Fiend, in liw'i. l',,ii (1*71 i Mt.sol : (I890)29..vis. 

 ..rks liy Kiihl (4th .-! IHSSI an,! Nah.-r 

 (1884). 



PhirdruH (or I'II.KDKK, affording to some 



-. holars i. aullior uf a trannlation of .F.sop's fables 

 in l-atin verm*, wan, by his <iwn account, it Mace- 

 donian, who from his childhood was iiiilme<l with 

 Creek culture. While -nil young he came to 

 Italy, and in Koine or WHIM- othei city attended 

 -lit.il where In' -tudied F.nniiis. whom lie quotes 

 in the epilogue to liis third Ixxik. From the title 

 of the i'inir<> work, I'kirJri A ugtmti Libcrti Fabulft, 

 it appear* that fniin a slave he became tlu> freed- 

 man of Augustus, either tin- ln>! of that name or 

 iii- xuccemor Tiberius. Under the reign of this 

 latter lie published the first two books of tu- 

 falili-, Inn his Kiting though veiled allusions to 

 the tyranny of the emperor (in the fahlc of the 



- a-Uing a king) and to his ministT ScjonuH 

 (in that of the jay 1 1 rawed in peacock's plumage) 

 caused him to lie hated at court, then accused, anil 

 finally condemned to what punishment is un- 

 known. On the death of Sejanux he reHiiined 

 pulilication, and dedicated his third hook to one 

 Kutychiis, freed man of the Emjieror Claiulins, 

 courting hi- |irote<-tion from enemies and acniM-is. 

 In the last \ears of his life, to which the fourth 

 and fifth books belong, he seems to have regained 

 lilx-rty of pen an well ait of person, lie died 

 proliably at an advanceil age. Pha-drux was more 

 than he elaim- to be a repnHlucer of .Ksop : he 

 invented failles of bu own, and nave an AMpk 

 turn to contemporary event*. That the live Ixioks 

 traditionally ascribed to him are IUH cannot with 

 out large deductions be maintained not a few of 

 them may be of the name authorship a> the Fabula 

 .Vrnvr roinnionly added ax an appendix to the five 

 IxMikH, and found in an anthology attributed to 



la I'enitti, a scholar of the l.'ilh century. The 

 meriu of I'hii-drux are hix clear xnccinct narrative, 

 his pure I.alinit\. and Iii- skill in vcrsilicaiiiin. 

 The e-liiions .if MBtlmr, Drennel. Orelli, ami finally 

 of Mailer have lieeii alily jrli-aned bv hix latent ami 

 most helpful editor Kanioriiio (Tunn, 1884). 



I'hai'llion ('the tdiininx'), in the writings of 



II IT and He-iiid. a frequent title of llcli<>~ ilic 



-mi jj.l. and KiilHei|Uently ein]il<iye<l a- his name. 

 I'haethon. in (ireek mythology, is also the name f 

 a nn of Helios, famous fur his unfortunate attempt 

 \*i drive bin father's chariot. Scarcely hail the pre- 



timp! nun- youth sej/ed the leins, when the hois,--, 

 lT'-i-i\ uiu' hix weiiknenx, ran off, and approaehinj; 

 UMI near the hjirlh, almoxt xet it on firtv Where 

 ii|.n the hjirtli criisl to Jupiter for help, nn<l .lupiler 



tnii-k ilown I'haellion with a thunderlxilt into the 

 KrnlaiiiiH or I'o. His sisterx, the Heliodeo, who 

 juul harnmw<l the hop.e of the Sun, were changed 

 iiit-i |ioplnn>, and their team into amber. 



Phaarda*na. s.-- TLCKUS. 



CytCK. the white or colourlem |I|<HM! 

 which an- alwi calle.l leueo<-yt<-x. They 

 arr active nm<i Ix.i.l celU, ainl nyiilf lioth nulrilive 



and harmful partielix. Sii the retwarrle 



MrlM-hnik.itl (In- manifold physiological iinjMirt- 

 anoe of tlinw nlemento hiu l-<'n inereaxinuly 

 aopreriauxl. Thun. it in generally n-niKiiixml il,.ii 

 toe fiflHtructinn of invading ba>-leria is due to the 

 health and activity of the plia^ix-vlm. See Bl.oun. 



IMinlarrororax. ^ < - ''"i:\ioi! \NT. 



I'hnlirna. the Linnmui genus inrludiiiK Moths 

 (q.*-). 



Phlncrr (Pkalangitta), a |(enux of nrnall 

 rborad manapiaU, of which many opecie* are 



found in Auxtralia and the i-lamls to ilic north of 

 it. All the siM'eies have lonj,'. pieheiisile tails, and 

 many ^ia-p their fixid ami convi-\ ii to the mouth 

 with the forepaMs. They feed usually on the 

 vonng shixitx and leaxc^ of the trees in which they 

 live, I'Mt in captivity they do not refuse animal 



Vulpine Ph&luiger ( Phalaiujitta vulpina). 



food. The Vulpine I'halanger (P. vtil/iinn i i> \ery 

 common in Australia, ami is used by the inn. 

 for fixxl. The Dormouse 1'halanger (]'. mum i. 

 which is only xix inches in length, resembles the 

 common dormouse in habits ami appearance. See 

 also i under Flying Animals) FIAINC I'IIAI. \\CKH. 



rii;il:m>lTc. See FOURIER. 



Phalanx, the ancient Creek fonnation for 

 heavy infantry, was a series of parallel columns 

 standing close one behind the other, the whole 

 owing to its depth and solidity capable of pem 

 trating any line of troops. The oldest phalanx 

 was the Laceda-numian or Spartan, in which the 

 soldiers stood four, six, or, more generally, eij.'la 

 deep. The Macedonian phalanx, I lie latest form, 

 wits sixteen men deep. The arms of the men weie 

 swords, shields, and long pikes or spears. The 

 heavy-armed phalanx was ordinarily flanked l>\ 

 jttltaxtes or light infantry, similarly formed, who 

 usually fought with javelins and slings. 



Pltalaris, tyrant of Agrigentnni, in Sicily, 

 who nourished about the middle of the lith cot 

 tury li.c., as horn on a small island near ( 'nidus, 

 in Asia Minor, and whilst building a temple in the 

 citadel of Agrigentiim made himself master of the 

 city. He greatly emliellished it, and extended his 

 ixiwer over large districts in Sicily. Hut after 

 holding power for sixteen years he was overthrown, 

 for his cruelties, by noble families of the island, and 

 roasted alive in his own invention, the brazen bull. 

 The tradition |K>int* probably to the religious sacri 

 lice of human victims to Haul or Moloch ((i.v.). 

 Later ages represent I'halaii- as a humane and en- 

 lightened ruler. But the 148 letters l>cariiig hi 

 mime wen- proved by Kent ley (q.v. ) in 1697 and 1699 

 to lie spurious, and to have lieen composed several 

 centuries alter Phalnri- died. See Kentley's Dis- 

 ^rtnl,::n. edited by \\'. Wllgtler ( Ixilld. IXN:t). 



I'llillnropo [Phataropta), a genus of wading- 

 birds forming a sub family of the Snipes They 

 are distinguished by their |O|MM! toes, resembling 

 those of tne coot. Ky means of these they swim 

 well, while they can also run swiftly on shore. 

 There are only three species, all Inhabiting northern 

 regions, and migrating southward in winter. The 

 Bad-Welted 1'halarope (/'. IIII/HI-IHH-IHS}, a small 

 bird resembling a Sandpiper in appearance, breeds 

 in the Orkney and Shetland Islands, and the Cray 

 I'halarope ( /'. fuJirnriii* ) oocitsionally visits Britain 

 in the course of it- migration farther south. 



Pltnlllls, the Creek term for the symbol of 

 generation which figures in the rites and cere- 

 monies of most primitive peoples, and appears as a 

 survival amongst civilised peoples. At the time- 



