1 M 



PHARMACOPCEIA 



I'll AK.MACY 



wan no need of any future reward. While tin- 

 Pharisee* lielil all the traditional ordinances in eonal 

 reverent-.- with tin- Miwaic institutions, tin- Saddu- 

 ce rejected, or rather vario<l some of these accord- 

 ing to the traditions of their own familie* : these 

 ordinance* cliielly relating to priestly -ind sacrificial 

 olM-rvaiicen, certain law* of purity, and some parts 

 of the civil law. It may iieihaps even IK' MMmd 

 . i-er) that the 'Pharisee- .-M- the rcprc 

 MMitatives of a newer Halacha, in-piied l.y an 

 op posit i.imil ami religious ami national zeal which 

 carrie<l them far beyond the original lioiindarics. 

 t, -i tain other legal' differences iwlween the two 

 partieii,- Mich a* the application of the laws of 

 inheritance to daughter*, or of the res|Minsihility of 

 the master fur hi- servant*, are nothing more than 

 political |iarty \iews iii a religious m:i>k, whirh wen- 

 meant to meet certain special isolated cases only. 

 In general the I'lmiisecs handled justice in a mnch 

 mililer manner than their aiitagoiii-ts. who took 

 their stand ii|Mm the rigid letter, ami would hear of 

 no merry where a violation of the code was clearly 

 inaileoiit. Out of the midHt of the Pharisees rose 

 the great doctors and masters of the Law ( Ilel>. 

 M/iu/r 1,111: Gr. nomodidafkalm, 'teachers of tin- 

 law,' initially rendered 'scribe*'), and to them were 

 entrusted by the later rulers the nm-i important 

 ollices. The greatest misconception haw prevailed 

 even among sciiolars respecting thU pat riotic, pious, 

 learned, and national party of progress. That 

 there were among them those who were a disgrace 

 to their party none knew l>ettr than the Pharisee* 

 themselves; and, in bitterer word* than were ever 

 used by Christ ami the apostles, the Talmud i-ji-ti 

 gate* certain fanatical niembeni of their own 

 i immunity as the ' plague of Pharisaism.' Phari- 

 MI from which gradually branched off the wild 

 ili-iuocratical party of ' /ealot> ' ( Kmtniiiin ) in the 

 involution of Bar Oochlia (q.v. ) hat*, from the 

 final cleHtruction of the commonwealth to ilii- day, 

 ii-niaiiied the principal representative of Judaism 

 an a creed. 



He* Jew*, TALMUD; 8churer' Hutory of the Jewitk 

 iJf m tiu Timr of Jtita Chrut ( Enf. trann. 6 voU. 



N). 



I'liarmaroptrla. This term has Ix-en applied 

 t<i \aiinii- \\otk-. r..ii~i~iin^ for the most part of 

 (I) a li-t of the arlichf of the Mateiia Me.lica, 

 whether simple or com|HMind, with their chanu-N-i-. 

 their miMle of preparation, ami tin- te-t- lor the 

 ili-lermination of their purity : and C2) a eoOwtton 

 of approved receipts or presi-i iptiuii-. loyether illi 

 the |iroriiihmi for preparing articles in the Mati-ria 

 \liilica. Almost every eiviliil country of import- 

 li.i- its nation, il pharni.'ico|Hi-ia ; those of the 

 I nii-.l St.it.-s iilili <H|. IKH3). (iernmny Cf.1 <!. 

 IWKK. ami Kranw dierviny s|Mi-ial mention. Tin- 

 earliest phnrma<-o|Ki>iaK were prewired by the Aralm 

 Irom the !tth to the |-2th eentiiry. and ulifei|iiently 

 by the mi-ilii-iil <-|HMI| of Salerno. The first phar- 

 HMOpoto published iimler authority appears to 

 have IH-.-H that of NuiemherK in tlie year lf>42. 

 Valeritit Conlim, aflerwanlx profewmr at \Vitt.-n 

 nerjf but then a >tndent. showed a collection of 

 tned mil i.i-i-ipts. whieh he hail wleotl from the 

 work- of the most i-niim-nt writer*, to tin- physi 

 cians of Nun-mbcru. The latti-i wei.- o striick 

 with it- vnlue that they urpil him to prim it 

 for tile benefit of the apothecaries, and obtained 

 toi hi work the sanction of the city council. 

 Before thi time the UnikH chiefly in use amonpit 

 apottacarim wen- t|, ( - trcatiiMW : Ok Sun/Jfji by 

 \i|..-nn.i ami Serapion ; the /.i/x-r Sri-rili.ri* of 

 lUlchvim IM-II MNTH/erini : and the Atiliiloliiriinii 

 UK ile Salerno, mranciil nljihabptically. 

 Thi wink wan iNiniinnnly <-allel .\',rnlniii Magnut, 

 to .|i.tin k -ni.|i it from 'an abridgment known an 

 'r Parmu. 



Confining our remarks to the Rritish I'liarma 

 mpo-iits, we may notice that the first edition of 

 the London I'liarniacopa-ia (or, more correctly 

 .speaking, of the I'liaimac-opo-ia of the London 

 < ollep- of IMivsicians) aptieare<l in 1618, ami was 

 <-liii'lly founded on the works of Me/ue and NicolaiiH 

 ile Salerno. Successive i-ilitions ap|>eare<l in Ki'-'T, 

 lti3.->, K1.VI, 1697, 1721, 174, 17H7, 109, 1824, 1836, 

 and IKTil, and form an important contribution to 

 the history of the progreHH of pharmacy and them 

 jx'iitics during the last two centuries and a hall. 

 The nature and the numlier of tin- lagndieati that 

 entered into the composition of many of the 

 |)harmaceiitiral prcparationH of the 17th and 18th 

 centuries would astonish mint of the practitioners 

 and patients of the present day. In the earlier 

 edition- we find enumerated earthworms, snails. 

 wood-lice, frogs, toads, puppy dogs, foxes ('a fat 

 fox of middle age, if you can get such a one'), the 

 skull of a man who had been hanged, the blood of 

 the rat, the urine and excrements of various 

 animals, &c. ; and electuaries were ordered, con 

 taining M, t>2, and in one instance Mathioliis. his 

 i .MM! Antidote against Poison and Pestilence 124 

 different ingredients. 



The Edinburgh PliarmacojxKia is more modern 

 than the London, the first edition having appeared 

 in 1699 ; while the Dublin Pharmacopo-ui does not 

 date further back than 1807. The latest editions 

 of these works appeared in the years 1841 and 1850 

 respectivelv. 



Until the Medical Act passed in 1858, the right 

 of publishing the pharinacopo?ias for England, s 

 land, and Ireland was vested in the Colics of 

 Physicians of London, Edinburgh, and Dublin 

 respectively ; and as these three pharmacopo i;is 

 contained many iniiiottant preparations, similar in 

 name but totally different in strength ia-. for 

 example, dilute hydrocyanic acid, solution of hydro- 

 chlorate of morphia, &c.), dangerous complications 

 arose from a London prescription lieing made up in 

 Edinburgh or Dublin, or nrr ivr.sv/. By that act 

 it is ordained that 'the General [Medical ] Council 

 shall cause to l>e published, under their direction. 

 a liook containing a list of medicines mid com 

 pounds, anil the manner of preparing them, together 

 with the true weights and measures by which the\ 

 are to lie prepared and mixed : and containing such 

 other matter and things relating thereto as the 

 General Council shall think fit, to 1- called 

 British /'/mi iiiiirii/Hi in ;' and by H Mihsei|iient net 

 it is enacted that 'the British 1'hai iiiacopo-ia 

 shall for all pmpo-.es '"' deemed to be snlisti 

 tilted throughout Great Itritain ami Ireland for 



the several above-mentioned pharmaoopCBiaa, 1 The 



ItnliJt /'/utniHiriiiMi-iti, which appeared in the 

 beginning of the year 1864, gave rise to Mich 

 a general feeling of disappointment tlirouglmM 

 the profession that the General Council lirotiglit 

 out a new and amended edition in 1M,7. A 

 second reprint with additions appealed in 1S74. 

 Another edition was published in ISHT>, and a 

 supplement to it in 1890. There are also Honi.ro 

 pat die anil Veterinary Pharmacopoeias, and Phar- 

 macopeias for the London and other hospitals, but 

 these are not printed by authority, nor authorised 

 in any way by government. 



The PWnnacopoeU of the United States w drawn 

 up by a national convention consisting of delegates 

 from the various medical societies, medical eorjiora- 

 tions, ami universities throughout the United 

 States. It was first published in 1820, and a second 

 edition appeared in 1S'2H; but it is now revised 

 every ten years, a new revision appearing in IS!i:t. 



Pharmacy, a department of the medical art 

 which consist* in the collecting, preparing, pre- 

 serving, and dispensing of medicines. In Great 

 Britain the practice of pharmacy is regulated by a 



