PHILIP OF MACEDON 



PHILIP IV. OF FRANCE 113 



Philip of Macedon, the father of Alex- 

 ander the Great, was born at Pella in 382 B.C. 

 Ht> was the youngest son of Amyntas II. and 

 Knryilice, and spent part of his early life as a 

 hostage at Thebes. The assassination of his eldest 

 brother, Alexander II. (367 B.C.), and the death of 

 his second brother, Perdiccax III., in battle (360 

 B.C.), made him guardian to his nephew Amyntas, 

 still an infant ; lint in a few months Philip made 

 himself king, the rights of Amyntas being set 

 aside. Dangers soon beset him from without and 

 from within. But foreign and domestic enemies 

 soon disappeared before the decision, the energy, 

 and the wise policy of the young king. In the 

 brief space of a year he had secured the safety of 

 his kingdom, and hail gained for himself a dreaded 

 name. Henceforward his policy was one of aggres- 

 sion. The Greek towns on the coast of Macedonia 

 were the first objects of attack. In Thrace he 

 captured the small town of Crenides, which under 

 its new name, Philippi, soon acquired great wealth 

 and fame. The surrounding district was rich in 

 L'old mines, which proved a source of great revenue 

 to Philip, and supplied him plentifully with the 

 means of paying his armies, and of bribing traitor- 

 ous Greeks to ojien the gates of many cities. 

 After a few years of comparative leisure he cap- 

 tured Methone (at the siege of which he lost an 

 eye), advanced into Tliessaly, and ultimately to 

 the Pass of Thermopylae, which, however, he did 

 not attempt to force, as it wii> .-tronglv guarded by 

 the Athenians. He therefore directed his arms 

 against the Thracians. After capturing all the 

 towns nf ( 'Icali-iilire the last of which was the 

 important city of Olynthiix- he made peace with 

 the Thracians, and next year with the Athenians, 

 who had Ix-i-n at war with him in defence of their 

 allies the Olynthians. It was this siege of Olyn- 

 thus by Philip which called forth the famous 

 Olynthiac orations of Demosthenes. Philip was 

 now requested by the Thehanx to interfere in the 

 war ( ' the Sacred War ' ) which was raging between 

 them and the Phocians. He marched into Phocis, 

 destroyed its cities, and sent as colonists to Thrace 

 many of the inhabitants (346 B.C.); and he was 

 appointed, jointly with the Thebans and Thes- 

 salians, as president of the Pythian games. His 

 next step was to secure a footing in the Pelo- 

 ponnese, by espousing the cause of the Argives, 

 Messenians, and others against the Spartans. In 

 339 B.C. the Amphictyonic Council declared war 

 against the Locnans of Amphissa ; and, in the 

 tol lowing year, appointed Philip commander-in- 

 chief of their forces. The Athenians were alarmed 

 at his approach into Greece in this capacity, and 

 formed a league with the Thehans against him ; 

 but their united army was utterly defeated at the 

 battle of Cha-ronea (338 B.C.), and all Greece was 

 at the feet of the conqueror. He was now in a 

 position to enter on the great dream of his later 

 years viz. to invade the Persian empire, and 

 leienge the injuries of Greece. Deputies from the 

 different states of Greece assembled in congress at 

 Corinth, ami, after resolving to make war on the 

 Persian king, chose Philip as leader of their 

 armies. Preparations were in progress for this 

 great expedition when he was suddenly cut off by 

 tlie hand of the assassin Pausanias, at a festival 

 to celebrate the marriage of his daughter with 

 Alexander of Epirns (336 B.C.). Philip wax :i 

 man given to sen-indulgence and sensuality ; he 

 wax faithless in the observance of treaty obliga- 

 tions, and misi-nipiilous as to the means by which 

 he gained his ends ; but of his energy, acuteness, 

 and eloquence it is impossible to speak too highly. 

 He was at the same time a lover of learning and 

 a literal patron of learned men. See works cited 

 *t GREECE and DEMOSTHENES. 

 372 



Philip II., better known as PHILIP- AUGUSTUS, 

 king of France, was the son of Louis VII. and 

 Alix of Champagne, and was born in August 

 1165. He was crowned joint-king in 1179, during 

 the lifetime of his father, succeeded him in 1180, 

 and proved one of the greatest monarchy of the 

 Capet dynasty, while he continued his hold of the 

 throne by marriage with Isabella of Hainault, the 

 last direct descendant of the Carlovingians. His 

 first war, made upon the Count of Flanders, gave 

 him the county of Vermandois and the city of 

 Amiens. He rigorously punished heretics and 

 despoiled the Jews, and reduced the rebellious 

 Duke of Burgundy to submission. He supported 

 the sons of Henry II. of England in their rebellions 

 against their father, and gained Berri by cession 

 in 1 189. On the accession of Kichard to the throne 

 Philip and he set out together on the third crusade ; 

 hut they quarrelled while wintering in Sicily. After 

 staying but three months in Syria he returned to 

 France, having taken a solemn'oath not to molest 

 Richard's dominions ; hut no sooner had he returned 

 than he made a bargain with the faithless coward 

 John for the partition of Richard's territories in 

 France. The fiery Richard's sudden return occa- 

 sioned an exhausting war, which was closed 

 through the mediation of Pope Innocent early in 

 1199. Richard died within two months after; but 

 war with England blazed out anew, on account of 

 the rival claims of John and his nephew Arthur of 

 Brittany to the French heritage of King Richard, 

 which consisted chiefly of Anjou, Maine, and 

 Touraine. Philip embraced the cause of Arthur, 

 but was for a while fully occupied by his quarrel 

 with the pope. He had put away his second wife, 

 Ingelmrg of Denmark, in order to marry the beauti- 

 ful Agnes of Meran, but the terror of the thunders. 

 of the Vatican forced him to replace Ingelmrg upon 

 her throne. The murder of Arthur again gave him 

 the excuse he sought. Richard's great fortress of 

 Chateau Gaillard fell early in 1204, and Philip 

 passed in triumph over Normandy. Before the end 

 of that year he had added to his dominions Nor- 

 mandy, Maine, Anjou, and Touraine, with part of 

 Poitou, as well as the over-lordship of Brittany, 

 hitherto a lief of Normandy. Philip took no 

 active part in the war against the Albigenses, but 

 devoted himself to consolidating his dominions. 

 The great victory of Bouvines (29th August 1214) 

 over the Flemish, the English, and the Emperor 

 (Mho established his throne securely, and the rest 

 of his reign he was able to devote to reforms of 

 justice and to the building and fortifying of the 

 city of Paris. Notre Dame and the great court of 

 peers remained lasting monuments of this great 

 king's administration. He died at Mantes, July 

 14, 1223. 



See works by Capefigue (3d ed. 2 vols. Paris, 1842). 

 Mazabran (Lille, 1878), and Davidsohn (Stuttgart, 1888).' 



Philip IV., surnamed Lc Bel or 'the Fair,' 

 king of France, the son of Philip III., 'the Rash,' 

 and Isabella of Aragon, was born at Fontainebleau 

 in 1268, and succeeded his father in 1285. By his 

 marriage with Queen Joanna of Navarre (q.v. ) 

 he obtained Navarre, Champagne, and Brie. He 

 overran Flanders, but a Flemish revolt broke out 

 at Bruges, and at Courtrai on the ' Day of Spurn ' 

 the flower of the French chivalry went down in 

 thousands before the sturdy burghers. The great 

 event of his reign was his struggle with Pope 

 Boniface VIII., which grew out of his attempt to 

 levy taxes from the clergy. By the bull Clericis 

 laicos in 1296 Boniface forbade the clergy to pay 

 taxes, and to this Philip replied by forbidding the 

 export of money or valuables, thus cutting off a 

 main supply of papal revenue. A temporary 

 reconciliation in 1297 was ended by a fresh out- 

 break of the quarrel in 1300. Philip flung 



