PHILIP V. OF SPAIN 



PHILIP THE BOLD 



115 



The one great triumph of his reign was the famous 

 naval victory of Lepanto (September 16,1571), won 

 hv his half-brother, Don John of Austria, over the 

 Turks. In 1580, the direct male line of Portugal 

 having become extinct, Philip laid claim to the 

 throne, and despatched Alva to occupy the king- 

 dom. But his attempt to conquer England re- 

 coiled upon himself in hopeless disaster, as the 

 ships of the great Armada were swept to destruc- 

 tion l>efore the northern tempests and the irresist- 

 ible valour of the English seamen. His intrigues 

 against Henry of Navarre were foiled by his 

 antagonist's courage, aided by the death (1592) 

 of his own general Alexander Farnese and Henry's 

 politic change of his religion. The stubborn heroism 

 of the Netherlanders and the exasperating ravages 

 of the English cruisers on the Spanish Main, added 

 to financial distress at home, embittered the last 

 years of Philip, and lie died of a lingering and 

 peculiarly loathsome disease, in the Escorial at 

 Madrid, on 13th September 1598, under the shadow 

 of that failure winch had followed all his greatest 

 undertaking. Philip II. possessed great anilities, 

 but little political wisdom, and he engaged in so 

 many vast enterprises at once as to overtask his 

 v-uiirce* without leading to any profitable result. 

 A fanatical and gloomy bigot in religion, sullen 

 and jealous in temper, he persecuted all heretics 

 through the Inquisition with relentless cruelty, 

 and at tin- sunn- time dealt a fatal blow to Spain 

 by crushing that ancient, proud, and chivalrous 

 spirit which had been the secret of it* strength, as 

 well as by rutting off the commerce of the country 

 by oppressive exactions and by a bitter persecution 

 of tfie industrious Moriscos. There is hardly a 

 more unlovable figure in history than this sullen 

 and solitary bigot whom historians with unusual 

 unanimity have united to condemn. 



.See the articles ALVA. ARMADA, CHARLES V., CAUI.OS, 

 MARY, HOLLAND, and SPAIN; the Hitloriet of Prescott, 

 Motley, and Froude; Mignet'a Antonio Ptrtz et J'hitijtpe 

 II. (5th ed. 1881); Forneron' Hiitoire dt PhUipite II. 

 (3d ed. 4 vols. 1887); Gachard's two books on Don 

 Carlos, and his editions of the correspondence of Philip 

 (1848-89). The many good points of Philip'* character 

 are brought out in Froude's .S>tni*A fStorii '.< 'tin .\r\iutda 

 (1892) and Martin Hume's monograph on Philip (1807). 



Philip V., king of Spain, and the founder of 

 the Bourbon dynasty in that country, was the 

 - i-oii'l son of the Dauphin Louis (son of Louis 

 XIV. and Maria Theresa of Spain) of France, 

 and was horn at Versailles, December 19, 1683. 

 In 1700 Philip, then Duke of Anjou, was l- 

 queathed the crown of Spain by Charles II. His 

 grandfather, Louis XIV., as he left him to take 

 po -session of the throne, uttered the famous phrase, 

 Mon tils.il n'y a plus de Pyrenees.' He entered 

 Madrid in February 1701, and after a long and 

 varying struggle against his rival, the Archduke 

 'harles. was left in possession of his throne by the 

 peace of Utrecht in 1713. Next year died the 

 queen, Maria Louisa, daughter of Victor Amadeus, 

 Iluke of Savoy, whom I'hilip had married in 1702; 

 and soon after he married Elizalieth Farnese of 

 Parma, 'the termagant,' in Carlvle's phrase, who 

 mliroiled the peace of Europe for thirty years. By 

 her influence the reins of government were com- 

 mit ted by the amiable and weak-minded king to 

 Allieroni. Philip was obliged by the Quadruple 

 Alliance to dismiss his daring and ambitious 

 minister at the close of 1719. He aMioated in 

 favour of his son Don Louis in 1724, but resumed 

 the crown on his death eight months later. The 

 ambitious queen's dearest wish was to drive the 

 Bspcbargx out of Italy in the interests of her sons 

 by a former marriage, but all her efforts succeeded 

 "lily in securing the Two Sicilies for Don Carlos. 

 Spain joined the coalition against Maria Theresa, 



and her younger son Don Philip was at first suc- 

 cessful in conquering the Milanese ; but as soon 

 as the Silesian war was closed by the treaty of 

 Dresden the Austrian queen poured her troops into 

 Italy and drove out the Spaniards. At the crisis 

 Philip, who had Iteen for years sunk in a state of 

 mental stupor, died at Madrid, July 9, 1746. See 

 ALBERONI, SUCCESSION AVARS, and SPAIN ; and 

 Baudrillart's Philippe V. et la Coitr de. France, 

 1700-15 (2 vols. 1890-91 ). 



I'hilip, sachem of the Wanipanoag tribe of 

 Indians, was the second son of Massasoit, who for 

 nearly forty years had l>een the first and staunchest 

 ally of the Pilgrim settlers of Plymouth, and had 

 obtained English names for his two sons. In 1661 

 I'hilip succeeded his brother, and formally renewed 

 the treaties of his father, which he kept for some 

 years. By 1671, however, goaded by the encroach- 

 ments of the whites, he had formed a confederation 

 of tribes aggregating nearly 10,000 warriors ; and 

 in 1675 what is Known as I^ing Philip's War broke 

 out. On the Indian side it was a war of surprises 

 and massacres thirteen towns were destroyed, and 

 600 colonists slain. In December 1675 Governor 

 Winslow and a force of 1000 men burned the great 

 fort of the Narragansetts, slew 600 warriors, and 

 massacred 1000 women and children. In the spring 

 the Indians retaliated for a tinie, but their numbers 

 steadily diminished ; several trils fell away from 

 the confederation ; others, hitherto neutral, declared 

 against them. In the early summer Philip's squaw 

 and little son were captured, and sold as slaves for 

 the West Indies: and on 12th August 1676, at 

 midnight, he and his remaining followers were 

 surprised by Captain Benjamin Church. Philip 

 was slain, and his head cut off. Afterwards his 

 body was drawn and quartered, and the head was 

 exposed on a gibbet at Plymouth for twenty years. 

 Church wrote an Entertaining History of King 

 Philip's War (1716; new ed. with additions by 

 S. G. Drake, Boston, 1825); see also Washington 

 Irving's Sl.-rtrli huok. 



I'hilip the Bold (Philippe le Hardi), the 

 founder of the second ami last ducal House of Bur- 

 gundy, was the fourth son of John the Good, king 

 of France, and his wife Bonne of Luxemburg, and 

 was born January 15, 1342. He was present at 

 the battle of Poitiers (1356), and displayed such 

 heroic courage, venturing his own life to save his 

 father's, as earned him the epithet of le Hardi, or 

 'the Bold.' He shared his father's captivity in 

 England, and on returning to France in 1360 

 received in reward of his bravery the duchy of 

 Touraine, and on the death, without heirs, of 

 Philippe de Rouvre(1363) also that of Burgundy, 

 being created at the same time the premier peer of 

 France. On the accession of his brother, Charles 

 V., to the throne of France Philip hail to resign 

 Touraine, but, as a compensation, obtained in 

 marriage Margaret, the heiress of Flanders, in 

 1369. In 1372 he commanded with success against, 

 the English, and in 1380 he helped to suppress the 

 sedition of the Flemish towns against their count, 

 his father-in-law. But the citizens of some of the 

 populous places, especially Ghent, were possessed 

 with such a fever of independence that they were 

 only brought back to their allegiance after the 

 bloody defeat of Rosbeck (November 27, 13S2), 

 where 26,000 Flemings were left on the field. 

 Flanders, the county of Burgundy, Artois, Bethel, 

 and Nevers fell to him by the death of the count in 

 1384, and his firm and wise government quickly 

 won the affection and esteem of his new subjects. 

 He encouraged judiciously arts, manufactures, and 

 commerce, and his territory -a kingdom in extent 

 was one of the best governed in Europe. During 

 the minority and subsequent, imWility of his 



