116 



run. II- Tin: <;ooi> 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 



nephew. Charles VI. of France. IK- was obliged to 

 take tin- helm of affairs, and preserve the slate from 

 insurrection and sedition within and the attach of 

 the English without. II.- died April 27, I4IM. 



Philip the <;oi ( y 'A //i/i/..- /. y;.mi. i>uk.-.,i 



Burgundy, the mm of Jean ' Sans-peur ' by Margaret 

 nf Bavaria, and grandson of I'hi'ip tin- Bold, 

 wax Uirn at Iij>n. the capital of tin- diu-h.v, 

 June 13, 1396, anil, on the MHMiUtUoil of his 

 fatlu-r on tin- bridge of Montcrcati iit the instigation 

 of the dauphin (afterward* Charles VII.), succeeded 

 to the dui-hy of Burgundy. Bent on KVMciag 



the murder lit his father. I ntered into mi ollcn 



-iv.- and defensive alliance with Henry V. of 

 England at Arras in 1419, at the same time recog' 

 nising him as the rightful regent of France, and 

 heir to the throne after Charles VI.'- ileiith. This 

 agreement, which disregarded the Salic law, was 

 sanctioned by the king, jiarliament, university, anil 

 s MMNJ of France in the treaty of Troves 

 I 1420). out the dauphin declined to resign his rights, 

 and took to arms ; he was. however, defeated at 

 Crevant (14-23) an.l Verneuil (1424), and driven 

 bevond ilic Loin-. Some disputes with the English 

 prompted I'liilip to eoncluile a treaty with the king 

 of France in I42!(. However, the English, liy ceding 

 to him the province, of Champagne, and paying him a 

 huge sum of money, gained him hack to their side. 

 At this time, by falling heir to liraliant. Holland, 

 Zealand, and tlie rest of the Low Countries, he 

 WM at the head of the most nourishing and 

 powerful realm in western KIII-<I|M- ; hut though 

 much more powerful than his sujierior, the king of 

 France, he preferred to continue in nominal subjec- 

 tion. Smarting iimler some fresh insults of the 

 English viceroy, and strongly urged moreover by 

 the poiie, lie mad.- a final pea.-.- < I I :).">> with Charles, 

 who gladly accepted it even on the hard conditions 

 which I'liilip prescribed. The English, in revenge, 

 committed great havoc among the merchant navies 

 of Flanders, which irritated I'liilip to such an extent 

 that he ill-dated war against them, and, in conjunc- 

 tion with the king of France, gradually expelled 

 them from their French pos-c--ioiis. The imposition 

 of taxes, which were necessarily heavy, excited a 

 rebellion, headed, as usual, l>\ the dli/ciis of (!hent, 

 but the duke inflicted upon them a terrible defeat 

 (July 14.54), though he wept over a \ictoiy lioiight 

 with tin- hliHHl of 20,1 KM) of his subject-. The later 

 part of his reign wa- tilled with trouble caused by 



the '(UHlTI-ls iM'IWeell Charles \' 1 I . Illld his -oil. till- 



Dauphin Iuis (afterwards I/mi- XI. i. who had lleil 

 from his father's court, and sought shelter with 

 I'liilip, although, after ascending the throne, far 

 from showing gratitude, he tried in the most 



dishonourable mat i to injure his benefactor. 



Philip died at Bruges, .Inly 1">, 1407. deeply 

 lamented by bin subjects. t'nder him Burgundy 

 was the nnwt wealthy, prosperous, and ttani|Uil 

 state in Kuro|M- ; its ruler was tin- ino-t f.-aied and 

 admii.-d sovereign of his time, and his coin! far 

 nrpaiuMMl in brilliancy those of his contemporaries. 

 Knights mid nobles from all parts of K.nrope Hocked 

 to hi- joii-ls and tournaments. See Burantc's 



HiMtiiirr ila l)urt ilr. lioiiraiiiinr ilr In MIIISHH fie 

 t * t 



I .,, 



on Varrow \Vtor, 3 milrat 

 tlii> pro|HMty from 1461 till 

 IHX9 of the line of the (hit law Murray' of 

 lit* ballad. Here, on Kith Scptcinlier IH4.V Mori 

 troe (q.v.) wan defet.>d by David I^eslie. who 

 liatchemil more than a hundred Irish prisoners. 

 HM Craig Brown's StlkirkjJiirr i |wi). 



Philip >rrl. si s' NKKI. 



riiHI|M><-vlll>, a seaport of Algeria, the bar 

 I. .11. f i onstantine. from which it lies 54 miles 

 N N 1 b> rail. There is a magnificent harlmur 



I'lilliiilmiiich. 01 



\V>\V. of Selkirk, t 



(1882) protected by two moles, one 4590 feet long, 

 the other I31O feet. The town in i|iiitc new, ha\ 

 ing IHI-II built since 1 Vis on the site of the ancient 

 Ruiricatln, The imporUi and exports together reach 

 .(,.-,00,000 pet annum. P<.p. (IsT'J) Ill.-.'iiT : (1891) 

 15,788. 



I'llilippi, a city of Macedonia. It was niuiied 

 after Phflip II. of Haoedon d|.v.), who enlarged it 

 l.ecaiisi> of the gold-mines in its neighlK)iirliiMMl. 

 It is fatuous on account o! the two battles fought 

 ill 42 li.c. U'lwecn Antony and ( Ictavianus on tin- 

 one side and the republicans under Brutus and 

 C.i ius nn the other, in the second of which thi- 

 n-public finally perished. The apostle Paul founded 

 a I "hi i-tian church here, to which one of hi.- epUtles 

 is addressed. 



l'liilili|>i:ilis. Kl'isTi.E TO THK, the latest of 

 the four letters that claim to have been written by 

 the apostle Paul during his captivity (see PAUL). 

 The rhilippian Church was looked upon with 

 peculiar tenderness and atlection by the apostle. 

 It was the first-fruits of bis mission in Europe: it- 

 memliers were singularly kind to him ; more than 

 once, when he was hiliouring in other cities, they 

 sent him contributions, that be might not lie 

 burdensome to hi- new convert*, and now they bud 

 de-patched one of the brethren Kpaphroditiis all 

 the way to the place of his captivity with present- 

 fur him. knowing that he was in {ninds, and sus 

 iiecting (as was in fact the ca-ei that he might lie 

 in straits for his daily bread. His letter to them, 

 of which Kpaphnslitiis. on his return journey, 

 was the bearer, is the ' most epistolary of all tin- 

 epistles;' though containing important doctrinal 

 matter, it is characterised primarily by it warm 

 expression of personal feelings towards his friend* 

 at Philipjii. The external evidence in favour of 

 the genuineness of this epistle is exceptionally 

 strong; it is alluded to by Polycarp, and enumer- 

 ated among the Pauline writings lnith by Man-ion 

 and by the writer of the Miiratorian canon. The 

 arguments of liaur and others against itx genuine 

 ness, which turn purely on questions of biblical 

 theology, such as the coni|>atibilitv of Phil. ii. 

 6-11 with 1 Cor. xv. 45-49, or of Phil. iii. ti 11 

 with certain other expiessimis in the undisputed 

 writings, still find some sumiorters lone of the 

 latest and ablest iM'iiig Ilolsten); but they are 

 not reganled as convincing even by llilgenfeld, 

 Schenkel, \Veizsftcker, Pneiderer, or Harnack. 

 There are commentaries on Philippians b\ Meyer, 

 Weiss, Kllicott i /'/I////I///H.V, I'tilnsxiiiiis. mill I'liile- 

 <:,, .-{,1 ed. IsiM), Lightfimt (6th ed. 1S8I ), and C. 

 .1. \ aughan (1882). 



rililippirs. originally the tin rations of 



Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. The 

 name was afterwards applied to Cicero's fourteen 

 orations against the ambitious and dangerous 

 designs of Mark Antony. It is now commonly 

 employed to designate any severe and violent in- 

 M-elive, whet her oral or written. 



INlili|>|>illC Mamls. a large insular group 

 forming a northern section of the Kastern Aidii 

 IH-lago. from which it i> se]iarated by the two pio 

 fonnil abysses of the Snlu (Mindoro) and Celebes 

 Seas, 2000 to 4000 fathoms deep. But these seas 

 are enclosed by the three insular chains of Palawan, 

 with ISalabac'in the north, Sulu in the centre, and 

 Sanguir with Siius in (lie south, all of which lie in 

 shallow waters, and form a geological connection 

 U'twcen the Philippines and Borneo in tin- south 

 west and the Philippines and Celebes in the south. 

 The archi|>elago, which is washed on the east side 

 by the Pacific Ocean (3000 fathoms) and in the 

 north-west bv the China Sea (2000 fathoms), lies 

 in 4' 21' N. lat and 117" 127" E. long., and 

 comprises a vast aggregate of over 2000 islands 



