PHILIPPINK 1-1. A M 



PHILIPS 



nd iron; io|.|-i, gold. le.i.l. sulphur, cinnabar, 

 .pnck-iUci, alum, jasper, marble. and Inn- building 

 stone are found. Bill tin* mint-nil iimiio arc lint 

 little develo|>ed, in the most primitive manner. 



Of the Negritos ( Arlat, Atiu, lint), tin- original 

 inhabitant*. about 25,000 now remain. Mattered in 

 isolated groiiiw over the remot4T |uirl.- of I.iuon. 

 NegrtM, Mindanao, and several other islands. The 

 intruding Indonesian ami Malay peoples now con- 

 titute the great bulk of the population. The 

 Indonesians (see MALAYS), estimated at about 

 280,111 i, arc divided into numerous tribes, confined to 

 Mindanao; they are mostly 'Intieles' (i.e. (lagans). 

 Tli- Mal.i\ - are either ' Indie*' (i.e. Roman Cat ho- 

 lie.) or 'Sloros' (i.e. Muliamme<lan8). The chief 

 IndiiM are the Taeals of Luzon, about 1,664,000 in 

 number, and the Visayas ( Bisayas ), in the Visayas 

 group anil parts of Palawan and Miiulanao, about 

 2,600,000. The Moron, numbering about 268,000, 

 arechielly in Palawan and Mindanao. The Malays 

 have intermarried with t lie Chinese (of whom there 

 are about 40,000 in the archipelago), Indonesian*, 

 Negritos, and Arabs, and to an extent with Span- 

 iards and other Euro|eans. The Tagal and Visayan 

 languages are the most highly developed of the 

 MaTayo- Polynesian family, of which they are gradu- 

 ally alworbing all the other dialects current in the 

 archipelago. 



Discovered in 1.V21 by Magellan, who was killed 

 on the i-let of Mactan on April 27 of that year, the 

 Philippines were officially annexed to Spain in 1569, 

 and until 1898 remained a part of the Spanish do- 

 minion. Spanish rule was oppressive, taxation 

 monstrous, and the tyranny of the religious orders 

 unrestrained, anil risings repeatedly took place as 

 in 1872. Arehcllionin 18!i went oil until tlieS|in- 

 isli-Aineriean War began in 1898. The first serious 

 blow in the war was given in Manila harbour ( May 

 I ), when the Spanish fleet was totally destroyed by 

 an American squadron under Commodore Dewey ; 

 on Aiigu-t Kt the city capitulated to the American 

 forces. As a result of the war the Philippines 

 were ceded U> (lie I nit'il States on a payment of 

 9211,000,000 in Novemlier IViv lint the Ta-.iU. 



iiniler Kmilio Agiiinaldo, ilemainleil complete hide 

 pendence.and asearlyan MptaOlbW 1 S!IS hail formeil 

 a revolutionary government, with Malolos as the 

 capital. AfOiwdo l>eing elected president. Though 

 relations roiitinued strained through the remainder 

 of 1898, hostilities did not .com ..... nee until Kebniary 

 4, 1809. Fighting continued throughout 18!)!l aM 

 into I'*"' ; hut n decisive HI -tic in was fought. a- I li" 

 Filipino* generally split up into small bands, which 

 were defeated and routed, only to reappear at an- 

 other time. American i onunissioners Ailmiral 

 Dewey, J. (i. Schiirmaii, Charles Denby, and Dean 

 C. Worcester were in the Philippines during a 

 large part of 1H99, collecting information for u-" in 

 administering the islatiils.and endeavouring to place 

 before tlie Filipinos (lie true- view of Auicric.ni sov 

 ereignty, in which they were partially sue ..... ssful. 

 LAW courts have been o]>eiied in Manila. Filipino 

 jodgm and magistrates presiding wherever pnicti- 

 cable, and rivil government has been established in 

 places, notably in Negro* in 1899. A second com- 

 mission. charged with ad ministering the islands, 

 landed at Manila .lune .'I. }'.*>. 



Thctotal >ahicofc\port-iii IH!M! wasfeO,l7">,O<Ni, 

 the chief articles l>eing sugar, with a value of 

 fM.IK>.lIO : abaca lor hemp), *7,5OO,Oo<) ; i-opra, 

 ||.s7:..iHi(i..tolirco..<-j.: > iHi.iiiiii;andeigars,$750,000. 

 The iiiiimrt* includes! rice, lloiir. coal, |'troleuni, 

 to n value of 9lii.A3l.-J.'iii. Owing t<> the 

 di-turls| condition of the islands, commerce has 

 been much nriwttlml during the lost few years; 

 bnt the officUl figures for the lir-t wven months 

 ! tl ..... x ports at 18.305,530 ; im|K>rU, 

 l'2.r,7ii.4.T China and Crent Britain ranknl re- 



spectively firxt and >e<-ond in Inith ini|M>rtK and e\- 

 |H,rts. Manila (<|-v.), in I,n/.on. is the capital, ami 

 there are numerous other towns of considerable 

 size. A railroad, 120 miles long, runs NN\V. from 

 Manila to Dagupan. 



See J. E. Stevens, Yeitrrdaiii in the Philippine* (1898) ; 

 D. C. Worcester, The PhUinpine Iilandt and their People 

 (1898) ; G. J. Young husband. The Philippine* and Bound 

 About (1899) ; Bowling, A Vint to the Philippine* (1851 ) ; 

 F. Jagor. Die Philippinen und ihre Bewnhnrr, in . 

 K-hrift far KthnoL (1870), and Reisen (Kerlin. 187S); 

 A. II. Never, I He Kinvohnenahl der Ph., Uebrr die 

 ffeyritot, nd A Ilium of Philippine Type* ( Dresden, 1878- 

 86); Semper, Kritrn (Wiesbaden, 1879-91); lilumen- 

 t nti, in ' Fetemuuin's MitU-ilungun.' 1882, kc. ; &. Knee- 

 land, in Bull. American (Jeo. Soe. (1888) ; Plant, /'own. 

 a f Maitehe*ter (Jro. Soe. (vol. ii. 1886); Kolfe, Jnurn. 

 Linnean Soe. (vol. xxi. 1887); Montero 7 Vidal, Kl 

 Arthii,iil. HHf. (1886), and Bittoria General de fiii- 

 jiiivn ( 1HS7 ) ; aud John Foreman, The Philippine Iilandt 

 ant IJependencie* (1892). 



i'liilippo nolis. capital of Eastern Roumelia 

 (or Southern Bulgaria), on the navigable Maritza, 

 110 miles by rail \\. by N. of Adrianople. It 

 maiiufact nres silk, cotton, tobacco, leather, \-c. , 

 and piepares and exports otto of roses (to the value 

 of .V>,000). I'op- (1893) 36,033, of whom nearly 

 half are Turks, Creeks, and others than Bulgnrians. 

 An oiit|iost of the Macedonian kingdom, it was 

 ruined hy the doths, captured by the Turks ( 1363), 

 destroyed by an earthquake (1818), burned (1846), 

 and occupied by the Kussians ( 1878). 



PhilippsblirK, a town of Baden on the Rhine's 

 right bank, Iti miles N. of Carlsrnhe. Fortified till 

 1800, it was often l>esieged. Pop. -lii--"-'. 



Philips AMBROSE, minor poet, wits descended 

 from a Leicestershire family, and born alxmt 1671. 

 lie was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, 

 and contributed to the university memorial verse^ 

 on the death of Queen Marv. Coming up to Lon- 

 don he became intimate with Addison and Steele, 

 did hack work for Tonson. and lirxt gained a rcpu 

 tation by the \Viniei piece ' in the Toiler (No. 

 12 i and the six Pastorals which opened the sixth 

 volume of Tonson 's Mixrrllany ( 1709), of which the 

 first four volumes had l>een edited by Dryden. 

 Strangely enough the same volume closed with the 

 Pastorals of the young Pope, whose jealousy was 

 aroused by Tickell's praising Philips and passing 

 over himself, in his paper in the t; minium on 

 Pastoral Poetry from Theocritus down wards. Pope 

 took a characteristic revenge by a paper in the 

 <; minium ( No. 40), iii which the worst of the verses 

 of Philips wen- ironically evilted alnive the lies! of 

 his own. His design he disguised with Mich dex 

 teiiiv thai, though Addison discovered it, as I>r 

 Johnson tells us. Steele was deceived, and wa- 

 afraid ol displeasing Po]>e by publishing his paper. 

 Philips is said to have hong up a rod in Million's 

 Collee house with which he threatened to chastise 

 Pope on the first occasion. Pojie nourished hi^ 

 anger against him, and all the more after his own 

 i|iianel with Addisou to whose circle Philips lie 

 longed, and did not forget him in the Hutu-mil. 

 Philips siipportiil the government in the columns 

 of the l-'rrc-thinkrr. and was rewarded bv liein^' 

 made secretary to Archbishop Boulter in 1 1 eland. 

 Later he wit for Armagh, ncti-d as secretary to the 

 Lord Chancellor and judge of the Prerogative 

 Court, and after his patron Boulter's death returned 

 to London, and died in 1749. Of his plays, Tin- 

 l>i.tln:tx'il Mut/irr (1712) an ailaptation ftom 

 I; 'icine's Aiiilriiiiinrlir -was warmly praised in the 

 Sfifinlnr : Th< llriliin and llmn/i/ir;/. Ihi/.i- af <!/'> 

 lived only long enough to lie damned. His 

 I'n \lnrali are vigorous and easy yet graceful verse, 

 but lack the charm that belongs to C.ay, whose 

 H'rrk was really written at Pope's 



