180 



I'MILOSTKATUS 



I'HLKI'.ITls 



Chti-tian theologv. Aii-elm anil Alx-lard in the 

 emlier |>eriod, AlbiTtti- Magnus. Tlioma- Ai|iiinus, 

 I inn- s.'.iu-. nnil \Villiiiin nf Ockliiini in tin- IMI.-I. 

 prolwl.K tin- greatest Hiiil most representative 

 e* of (lie Scholastic philosophy. The Itcnais 



put an end to Scholasticism, and led. in the 

 l.'illi mid Ilith centuries, to various attempts to 

 revive the -v-tem- of the older philosophers and to 



-lrik it new paths : but the age wa- of Han 



sition, and no effective beginning was made in 

 Modern Philosophy till the commencement of the 

 17th century. Bacon's \tirmn Ur,]<tniini was pub- 

 lished in lli'jl and 1 It-scan. " .Mi-lliml in 

 IIB7. Bacon sinvi-tigations we,,, mainly logical and 

 meihiMlologieal, and Uescart** was the real founder 

 of modern philosophy. Cartesiaiiism wa- developed 

 on the Continent into the great monistic system of 

 Spinoza, from which the monadistic or individual- 

 istic tl ry of l/eibniu was a reaction. In England 



philosophy tixik an epi-temological and even psy- 

 chological dini-tion with Lix-ke, and this was con- 

 tinued by Berkeley and Hume, who developed 

 Locke'- dualism into subject ive idealism and 

 scepticism respectively. Hume's sceptical analysis 

 of knowledge gave rise by revulsion to the Critical 



philosophy of Kant, which c bines elements Kotli 



from the Continental and the F.nglish line of 

 thought. From it sprang the idealistic develop- 



its of (lerinan thought ill Fichte. Schclling, and 



Hegel, and also the realistic systems of Schopen- 

 hauer and llai lin. inn. Hei bait and Lotze represent 

 realism of a more individualistic cast, which 

 affiliates itself directly to Lcihniu. and is com 

 |wratively little influenced by Kantian thought. 

 Scottish philosophy has maintained the reality of 



knowledge and the dualis f cxjicrienee in answer 



to the scepticism of Hume, but like English philo- 

 sophy generally has been mainly psychological in 

 character. It offer* in this way no parallel to the 

 vast metaphysical systems which have succeeded 

 one another in 1 lermany. 



The bet general histories of philosophy arc by Erd- 

 mann, Ueberweg, and Schwegler, all accessible in English 

 tranalation*. The greater part of Zeller's exhaustive 

 hutory of Greek philosophy had also been translated. 

 Hee alio the following articles, and works there cited : 



l',ltivlm. 



JMheUc* 



- 



A~irUti.iM. 



llwvm. 



ll.Tk.-l.-y. 



- 



' 



llminltc.n. 



lUrtmann. 

 Iliuite. 



l.l.ull.lil. 



Kant 

 LalbnitCi 



{**.* 



MaiiTiiiliMii. 



nim 

 Nli:lim]iHiii. 



iiintn. 

 Plato 



H.lntivlty. 



Ul-llKIMII. 



BofloiBi 



im. 

 HchoUntlctnn. 



SV-hoji-titmil.T. 



I'liilumjphy. 

 .So-imtoi. 



SttT" 



I'lal.i. Will 



I'lliloslrallls UK I.KMMIS. a famous Greek 

 -oplnst and ihetorieian, was horn probably about 

 I7<> IK" \.n. . studiiil under Prucliis at Athens, and 

 finally established himself at Koine, where he lie- 

 came a mcml'cr of the learned circle that gathered 



lolllld the F.mple-s .Illlia llomna. wile of Severn*. 



He v> as alive, nci-ording to Suidas. in the time of 

 lh- Eui|H-ror Philip 1 244 24!M. His extant works 

 nre an idcaliv-d life of Apollonius ot Tyiina : the 

 linii'inirji. a description of sixty four piclme- -up 

 > he hung in a villa near Naples; tin- /..-. 

 i,l Hi, ,^,/ii, ii -s of blight and int. 



ketches ; I be Hi f, n mi. a declamatory exercise on 

 Unmet'-. iniutic- to Palami-des ; and a series of 

 amatory and somewhat strained KjiiitU*. 



Then \t a good K. Kaym- ( Zurich, 1844 



H ?.); an Eng. trans, by K. Berwick (1809). On the 

 ion whether the Imnijinn described wen real pic- 

 or no, MW, for the affirmative, R Bert rand, Vn 



dam I'AiitH/'iit. I'hiloitrale tt ton I 

 . and liruiin. IHe Pkiliutratitcken Grmul 

 hut fur the negative, Fredericks, 1) it PMottratir- 

 Hildrr ( 1<K) ). 



Philpotts. or PIIIU.IIITTS, HENRY, was born 

 at Bridgwater, 6th May 177s, studied ut Corpus 

 Christi College, Oxford,' and was elected Fellow of 

 i.tlen in 17!l.">. He became prebendary of Dur 

 ham in 1809, Dean of Chester in 1K2X, and Bishop 

 of Exeter in ls:tl. A /ealmis Tory, an extreme 

 High Churchman, and combative by disposition, he 

 was ever the foremost in opixn-ition to measures ..f 

 reform, and his name would -iirvivc if only for his 

 piolonged but nnsiicces-lul refusal to institute M r 

 Coiham (i|.v.) for not lu-lieving in baptismal 

 generation. Yet if he was narrow he vv.-i- devoted 

 and sincere, his standard of a bishop's dutie- vv.-i- an 

 unusually high one. and he was much l>eloved 

 throughout hisdioce-e. He died near Torquay, 18th 

 SeptemlxT 1869. See his Life. Times, and H'ritim/*. 

 by the Kev. K. N. Shutte (Vol. i. 1863). 



Philtro (<Ir. iiliilli-ini, ' love-chann '). A sii|>er- 

 stitious l3lief in the ellicacy of certain artificial 

 means of inspiring and securing love seems to have 

 been generallv prevalent from very early tii 

 and among tin- C.reeks and Romans love-charms, 

 and especially love-potions, were in continual use. 

 It is not certainly known of what these love potions 

 were composed, l>ut there is no doubt that certain 

 poisonous or deleterious herlts and drugs were 

 among their chief ingredients, to which other sub- 

 stances, animal as well as vegetable, are said to 

 have lieen added, coupled with the employment of 

 magic rites, Thessaly had the credit of producing 

 the most |M)U'lit herbs, and her people were noto- 

 rious as the most skilful practisers of magic n 

 whence the well-known ' Thes-ala philtra' of 

 Juvenal (vi. 610). These potions were violent and 

 dangerous in operation, and their use resulted often 

 in the weakening of the mental powers, madness, 

 and death instead of the purpose for which they 

 were intended. Lucretius is said to have been 

 driven mail by a love-potion, and to have died 

 by his own hand in consequence. In the corrupt 

 and licentious days of the Roman empire the 

 manufacture of love charms of all kind- seems 

 to have IKMMI carried on as a regular trade, the 

 purchasers, if not the makers of them, being chiefly 

 women. The use of philtres seems to have IH-CII 

 not unknown during the middle age- : and in tin- 

 East, the nurse of sujierstition, lielief in the power 

 of love-|mtion- lingers down to the present day. 



PhiUK. or I'llMTs. Sn: \\n.iiv\l. governor of 

 Massachusetts, ;i- Ixirn at PemmaqUW ( Bristol i, 

 Maine, on 2d February IHfil, one ot twenty one 

 Ixpys in a family of twenty six children. He was 

 successively a she]. herd, a cai|cnler, and a trader, 

 and in I(>S7 recovered from a wrecked Spanish ship 

 oil' the Bahamas bullion, plate, and treasure valued 

 at i':KI.(MKI : this gained him a knight IIIKH! and 

 the appointment ot sherill of New F.ngland. In 

 I61H) he captured Port Koyal (now Annapolis) ill 

 Nova Scotia, but failed in the following year in 

 a naval attack n|n>n Muchcc. In lti!>2, through 

 the influence of Increase Mather (q.v.). he 

 appointed governorof Massachusetts. He changed 

 the manner of the witchcraft persecutions by ap- 

 |M>inting a commission of -even magistrate- to try 

 all uch cases. He died on 18th February Hi'.i.'i in 

 London, whither he had been summoned to answer 

 certain charges of arbitrary conduct. See Life by 

 I' I In wen in Sparks' AmtrieanBiograpliy( 1834 .'i7 L 



Phiz. See BROWNE (HAULOT K.). 



IMllcbltls ((Jr. fihlcbs, 'a vein ' ). inflammation 

 of the veins, although seldom an original or tilin- 

 fHit/iir disj-ase, is a frequent sequence of wound-, 

 and is not uncommon alter delivery. The disease 



