PHLEBOLITES 



PHOCION 



131 



is indicated by great tenderness and pain along the 

 course of the affected vessel, which feels like a 

 hard knotted cord, and rolls under the fingers. See 

 VEINS, Wo i NDS. 



Plllebolltes (Gr. phlebs, 'a vein,' and lithos, 

 'a stone') are calcareous concretions formed by 

 the degeneration of coagulations in veins, or occa- 

 sionally originating in the coats of the vessel. 



Phlebotomy, or VENESECTION, is, as applied 

 to human beings, treated at BLEEDINU, Vol. II. p. 

 221. The abstraction of Mood was at one time I 

 considered the best and only remedy for the various 

 diseases of horses and cattle, but at the present 

 time it is comparatively rarely performed, except 

 by veterinarians of the older school ; but it is use- 

 ful in subduing acute congestions, such as of the 

 brain, in parturient apoplexy, congestion of the 

 lungs, acute inflammation of the udder, and in a 

 disease characterised bv sudden swelling of the 

 head and throat, called malignant oedema. The 

 vessel selected for the operation is usually the 

 superficial jugular vein, which in cattle is large 

 and loosely situated under the skin of the neck. 



In consequence of the mobility of the tissues 

 surrounding the vein it cannot in cattle, as in 

 horses, lie raised and made sulliciently tense with- 

 out the use of a cord tied round the animal's neck 

 below the seat of the intended oiieration. This 

 cord should l>e from J to \ inch thick, pulled tight 

 enough to arrest the How of blood and cause the 

 vein to lieromi- rli-t.-nded and ten.se. It should 

 then lie opened with the 'blood stick,' so as to 

 pieiee the skin and vein at one blow. 



When a sufficient quantity of blood has been 

 abstracted, say from 3 to 6 or even 8 quarts, the 

 cord is slowly slackened so as to prevent a vacuum 

 and the ingress of air into the vein, the lips of tin- 

 wound brought into opposition and maintained 

 there by a pin passed through then), and around 

 it twine or tow is twisted in the form of a figure of 

 8. I'll" pin should not lie removed for at least 

 thirty hours. 



I'hleg'ethon (i.e. 'the Flaming'), a river of 

 the infernal regions, whose waves rolled torrente 

 of fire. Nothing would grow on its scorched and 

 desolate shores. After a conr-e contrary to the 

 Cocytus (q.v. ), it discharged itself, like the latter 

 stream, into the Lake of Acheron. 



Phleiim. See TIMOTHY GRASS. 



Phlogiston (Gr., 'combustible') was the term 

 employed by Staid, professor at Halle, in his 

 ZymoMG&fMa Fitndaauntaltt(mfJ), to designate a, 

 hypothetical element which, by combining with a' 

 boor, rendered it combustible, and which occasioned 

 combustion by ita disengagement, there lieirig left, 

 after its evolution, either an acid or an earth. 

 Thus, sulphur, according to the phlogistic theory 

 which held undivided sway in chemistry until the 

 time of Lavoisier, who substituted for it the theory 

 of oxygenation (177-VKI), and was maintained by 

 a few chemists, especially Priestley, till the begin- 

 ning of the 19th century was composed of sul- 

 phuric aciil and phlogiston; lead, of the ni/.f or 

 earth of lead and phlogiston ; &c. In conseriiience 

 of the general adoption of the phlogistic theory, 

 when Priestley, in 1774, discovered oxygen, and 

 when Scheele. a little later, discovered chlorine, 

 the name* these chemists gave to their discoveries 

 were dtptUogiltieated air and dephlofiisticitterl 

 nun i nr uriil. According to modern views, mainly 

 based on Lavoisier's experiments, the addition of 

 oxygen takes place in the formation of acids and 

 of earths, instead of the subtraction of phlogiston. 

 The question whether the process was, in fact, one 

 of addition or subtraction was finally decided by 

 the balance, an instrument to which chemistry 

 owes most of its marvellous progress during the 



Phlox paniculata var. ). 



last three-quarters of a century. See CHEMISTRY, 

 Vol. III. p. 146. 



Phlox, a genus of plants of the natural order 

 Polemouiaceie, distin- 

 guished by a prismatic 

 calyx, salver - shaped 

 corolla, arid unequal fila- 

 ments. The species are 

 pretty numerous, mostly 

 perennial plants with 

 simple leaves, and mostly 

 natives of North America. 

 A number of species are 

 common in British flower- 

 gardens. It has of late 

 become a favourite genus 

 with florists, and many 

 very fine varieties have 

 been produced. 



Phloxin. See DYE 



ING. 



Phocsea. the most 

 northerly of the Ionian 

 cities in Asia Minor, 

 originally a colony from 

 Athens. It stood on a 

 peninsula between the 

 gulfsof Elais and Smyrna, 

 and had an excellent 

 harliour ; and the Pho- 



Cii'iins were distinguished among the Greeks 

 for their nautical enterprise. When the city was 

 liesieged by the Persians in the time of Cyrus, 

 many of it* inhabitants emigrated to Corsica ; 

 Massilia (Marseilles) was a Phoca-an colony. The 

 old city survived into the later empire ; its ruins 

 are still known as Kanuischa Tokia. 



Phocama. See PORPOISE. 

 Plioi'jis. . tyrannical emperor of Constantinople 

 (602-610). See BYZANTINE EMPIRE. 



Phocidae. See SEAL. 



Pliocion (Gr. Phokion), an Athenian general, 

 was born about the end of the 5th century B.C. 

 He was of humble origin, but studied under Plato, 

 Xenocrates, and perhaps Diogenes also. Pliocion 

 first attracted notice in the great sea-fight at 

 Naxos (376), where he commanded a division of 

 the Athenian fleet. In 351, along with Evagoras, 

 he undertook the conquest of Cyprus for the Persian 

 monarch, Artaxerxes III., and was completely 

 successful. In 341 he was successful in crushing 

 the Macedonian party in Eubuca and in restoring 

 the ascendency of Atnens. Two years before this 

 he had achieved a similar result at Megara ; and 

 in 340, sent to the aid of the IJyzantines against 

 Philip, he forced Philip to abandon the siege, and 

 even to evacuate the Chersonesus. Nevertheless, 

 he advocated, even in the midst of his triumphs, 

 the establishment of better relations with the 

 enemy, for he had come under the influence of the 

 philosophical reaction in favour of monarchy in- 

 stead of a democracy of petty aims and degraded 

 character. He had come to see that a voluntary 

 acquiescence in the supremacy of an enlightened 

 ruler was better for Athens and for Greece than 

 a hopeless struggle in defence of a political system 

 that had lost its virtue. His advice was not taken ; 

 but the fatal battle of Cha-ronea, only two years 

 afterwards, in which the independence of the Greek 

 republics was lost for ever, proved its soundness. 

 After the murder of Philip in 336 we see him 

 struggling at Athens to repress what appeared to 

 him the reckless desire for war on the part of the 

 fanatical patriots, on account of which he was re- 

 garded as a traitor ; but his personal honour is above 

 suspicion. On the death of Alexander in 323 



