l:\-2 



IMIOCIS 



PHOENICIA 



tin- aged I'hiK-ion endeavoured, liut in vain, to 

 hinder the Athenians from going to war with 

 Anti|witer. Alt' i Anti|uiter's death lit- was involved 

 in the intrigues of CaBsandcr, tlie rival of I'oly- 

 MMTrhon, nnil was forced to flee to I'hin-is, wheic 

 rolysperchon delivered him up to the Athenians. 

 He was condemmil by 'a mixed mob of disfran- 

 chised riti/i'ii-. foreigners, and slave* ' to drink hem- 

 lock. Hi- body, flung unburied over the borders 

 of the state, was curried liy some i>f hi- frieml.- to 

 Kleusis. ami hurneil there. The Athenians soon 

 began to raise monuments to his memory. His 

 life was written bv Plutarch and Cornelius Nepos. 

 I'koriiiH tui'i fiiif neurren Beurlheiler, by 

 Jacob BernayH ( 1881 ). 



I'lioris, a province of ancient Greece, west of 

 Ikeotia, and boundeil S. by the Gulf of Corinth. 

 Tlie greater |rt of the country is occupied by the 

 mountain-range of Parnassus (q.v.). The state 

 derive.-, its chief historical iin|K>rtance from jmssess- 

 ing ihc famous oracle of Delphi (q.v.). During 

 the l'elo|ioiinesiiin war the IMiocians were close 

 allies of the Athenians. In the time of 1'hilip of 

 Macedon thcv were involved in a ten years' war, 

 on account of their opposition to a decree of the 

 Amphici \onic Council, coneeniing the ue of a 

 piece of land belonging to the temple of Delphi. 

 I'hi- war, coiiiinonly known an the Sacred or 

 Phocian War, ended disastrously for the Phixnans, 

 the whole of whose cities (twenty-two in number) 

 were dest roved, with one exception, and the inhab- 

 itants parcelled out among the hamlet.-. Phocis 

 and I'hthioii- form a province of modern Greece. 



I'lurluis ii>-. -the Bright'), an epithet, and 

 subsequently a n.ime, of A|Kil!o. It hail reference 

 litli to the youthful beauty of the goil ami to the 

 radiance of the sun. when, latterly, A|M>llo l>ecame 

 identified with Helios, the sun-god. 



rilirtlicio, the +vi)j of the Greeks, the 

 PHitnirr, or (sometimes) t lie I'luni irin of the Romans, 



was a tract of country, lyiii^ to ,,,,,, ,, ,,, ^ 

 the north ot 1'ulc-iiiie. along the m in ih u.s. I>T J. R. 

 coast of the Mediterranean Sea, ''"'"" "! - 

 boundi-d by that sea wc-t wards, and cast wants 

 extending to the mountain crests of P.arxylus anil 

 I^ebanon. The limits of the tract northward mid 

 southward are variously stated by ancient author- 

 ities, and no doubt varied at different periods ; but 

 modern researches seem to indicate that the actual 

 I'hirnician occupation did not extend licyotid 

 Laodict-ii ( Litakia) on the north and Acre, or at 

 the furthest Carniel, on the south. This would 



rl a-i line a length of alumt 200, or, count- 

 ing main indentations, of 230 miles a fair mean 

 between the 120 miles of Mr (;n>tc (History of 

 Hrrrrr. vol. iii. p. 3M ) and the H) of some writers. 

 The width lietwceii the coast and the mountain- 

 ridjri-H of Barirx lu- and I.ehanon varies from S or 10 

 to 2-"> or .'fO mill--. |M-rhii|is averaging l.'i miles. The 

 area of Plnenieia pro|H>r may thus lie rcckone.l at 

 alMiut 3000 s|. m. The tract included within these 

 limits i- one of a remarkably diversified character. 

 lfty mountain, steep wooded hill, chalky slo|M-, 

 rich alluvial plain, and andy shore, succeed each 

 other, each baring its own charm, which is en- 

 hanced b> i-iiiitrat. The aiid is eonlined to a 

 coiiiiarntively narrow strip along the eacoa-t. and 

 to the sit... of ancient harbour* now tilled up. It 

 faexcwlingly line and of exeellent siljreoiis i|imlity, 



iiill\ in the \icinity of Sidon and nt the 

 f.H.t 01 Mount Carniel. " The iiuwt remarkable 

 plain* urc tl f Acre. Tyre. Sidon, Beyroul. and 



'ihns not f t|, very c\ten-ivc. hut richly 



fertile, and i-.ipablc of priHliicing, under any toler- 

 able vtcm of cultivation, luxuiiant crops.' From 

 the ,-oV,-, of the plaiim. and -ometimes from the 

 very sluire of thr wn, rix- up chalky slopes or uteep 



rounded hills, which at the present day are partly 

 left to nature and covered with trees and shrubs, 

 partly cultivated and studded with villages. The 

 hilly region forms generally an intermediate tract 

 Ix'tween the high mountains and the plains ; but 

 not unfreiincntly it commences at the water's edge, 

 and tills with its undulations the entire space, 

 leaving not even a strip of lowland. This i- 

 cs|M-cially the cuse in the central region between 

 Bey rout and Arkn. op|>osite the highest |M>rtion of 

 the Lebanon ; and again in the north, between 

 Cape Possidi and Jebili, opposite the more northern 

 part of Bargylus. The hilly region in these places 

 is a broad tract of alternate wooded heights iln d 

 deep romantic valleys, with streams munnuiing 

 amid their shades. Sometimes the hills are 

 cultivated in terraces, on which grow vines and 

 olives, but more often they remain in their pristine 

 condition, clothed with mosses of tangled under- 

 wood. 



From the hilly tract, which increases in eleva- 

 tion as it recedes from the shore. ii-c the two 

 great mountain regions, separated by a clearly 

 marked depression in 34" 35' lat. nearly, down 

 which runs the river Kleutherus. The more north- 

 ern of the two was known to the ancients as 

 Bargylus, and in modern "eography bears the 

 name of the Ansayrieh or Si.-Lsaiiyeli mountain- 

 region. It extends from the Orontcs near Antioch 

 to the valley of the Kleutherus, a distance of not 

 less than 100 miles, looking down eastward on the 

 lower Oojle-Syrian valley, and westward on the 

 undulating tract known as 'Northern Plneuicia.' 

 Though not comparable to Lebanon, it is a 

 romantic mid picturesque region. The lower spurs 

 towards the west are clothed with olive-grounds 

 and vineyards, or covered with myrtles and rhodo- 

 dendrons ; IH-I ween them are broad oj>en valleys, 

 productive of tobacco and corn. Higher up tlie 

 scenery becomes wild and bold ; forests of tir 

 and pine abound, and creep up the mountain- 

 side, in places almost to the summit ; while here 

 and there bare masses of rock protrude them- 

 selves, and crag and cliff rise into the clouds that 

 hang about the loftiest summits. But the glory of 

 I'lueiiiria is Lebanon. Extended in a continuous 

 line for a distance of 130 miles, with an average 

 elevation of from 8000 to 8000 feet, and steepe-i 

 on its eastern side, it formed a wall against 

 which the waves of eastern invasion naturally 

 broke. The flood of conquest swept along its 

 eastern think, down the broad vale of the 

 Buka'a, and then over the hills of Galilee ; 

 but its frowning precipices and its lofty crest 

 deterred or baffled the invader, and the smiling 

 region l>etween its summit mid the Mediterranean 

 w;ts, in the early times at any rate, but rarely 

 traversed by a hstile army. This western region 

 it was which held those inexhaustible stores of 

 forest trees that supplied I'ho'iiicia with her war- 

 ships and her immense commercial navy ; here 

 were the most productive valleys, the vineyards and 

 the olive-grounds; and here, too, were the streams 

 and rills, the ilashiii; the lovely dells, the 



deep gorges, and the magnificent cedar-trees which 

 gave her the palm over all the .surrounding coun- 

 tries for variety of pictnrc-i|uc scenery. The prin- 

 cipal rivers of I'lncnicia were, in the north, the 

 Bados or Nahr-el-Mclk, li miles south of Jebili ; 

 the Nulir Amrith, a strong-running stream which 

 rcacheM the sea a few miles south of Tim 



\nianidus): the Nahr Knble, which joins the 

 Nalir Amrith near its mouth: and the I'.leiithcnis 

 or Nahr-el-Kebir, which readies the sea a little 

 north of Arka. In the central region are the 

 Nalir-el-Borid or river of Urth-ia ; the Kadisha 

 or river of Tri|olis ; the Ibrahim or Adonis: the 

 Nahr-el-Kelb or Lycus ; the river of Iteyrout or 



