HO 



!'U'S 



which will now be briefly explained and then con 

 sidcrcd somewhat in deta'il. 1'lie ordinary spelling 

 is given in roinan letters, the (Jlossic below it in 

 italics. 



SHORT KKT TO OLOMSIC. 



1. Long stressed vowel* - 



beat, hait, baa, bought, boat, boot 



brrt, bai't, baa; han't, boa't, boo't. 

 With vanishes bai-yt, boa'wt. 



i Short stressed vowels- 

 knit, net. gnat, knot, nut, 

 nil; net; not; not; nut; 



8. Short unstressed vowels 



merry, parental, influence, follow. 

 mer-i, p&mftil, in'ftouni, /o/'oa. 



4. Vowel diphthongs, unaualysed 



til.-, foil, foul, fuel. 



fril, foil, foul, ft*-U. 



5. Aspirate 



hay, behave, 

 Inii-, bi-kai-v, 



0. Mutes and sonants 



nook. 

 nuot: 



s 



pet- bte; 



7. Hiaw* and B 

 whey way, 



toe 

 too.- 



feel 



mishap. 

 mil- hap. 



doe, 

 doa-, 



?** 

 kcu-p 



gape. 

 gai-p. 



struggle. 

 tirug-l. 



hunger. 

 hung'ytt. 



veal, thin then, 

 nr-l. thin' dhen; 



seal seal, rush rouge, hue you. 

 tet-l tefi, ruth- ruo'ik, yhoo' yoo; 



8. Flaps- 

 ear-ring bearing, gall 

 ert-ring- kte'triny, gul- 



0. Nasals- 

 sum chasm, pun open, sung 

 turn tafm, pun- oa'pn, tung' 



10. Consonantal diphthongs, unaualyaed 



ici.-li. jest, judge. 



cket't ffch; jeft, juj: 



Observe that long vowels under the stress have 

 a turned iM-riod () after them, and that short 

 vowel* under the stress have a turned iieriod after 

 the following consonant. I 'nstressed short vowels 

 are not particularly indicated here, otherwise than 

 by the stress heing marked on some other vowel, 

 except in the case of i~i. 



The above scheme suffices for received Knglish, 

 but a few more signs, hereafter assigned, are 

 required for some sounds ill received (ierman, 

 Italian. Spanish, and French. 



The dili'crci between consonants and vowels 



i- only one of degree. Itotll have their own sfieeial 



nance cavities through which flatus. whis|>cr. 

 or voice can paw. Hut the vowel cavities arc 

 bent adapted to allow the passage of clear smooth 

 v oice, capable of licing sung upon with a gooo 

 quality of tone, and the consonants are more 

 adapted for 'hisses,' ((r that ]culiar mixture of 

 flatus and voice known as ' buzzes.' The ' whisper ' 

 profH-r is a middle kind of sound for which the 

 vocal cords are not brought |icifectly close, hut 

 c|">e enoiiL'li to allow the extreme edges of the 

 cords to vibrate a tin; breath pa-ses. so thai a 

 mixture of obstructed Hat us ami im|>crfcct voice 



result*. l/et any one pronom the aliovc key 



words in lines | to 4 of the short kev in a loud 

 'stage whisjier.' and he will siiMicieiitlv -ei/c ihe 

 fleet, which mill not be further alluded to, except 

 to draw attention to the difference between whisper 

 and flatus, for the last of which the 'glottis/or 

 tongue .haped cm>ity between the vocal cords, 

 if an widely open as possible, and the sound ix pro- 



duced only hy the \\ind-iiish. The reader should 

 try to fitieak line 1 of the short key with \\iiln-. 



The UHHWI of the rexonant ca\ilie> of the month 

 siiitalih- lor vo el sounds have lieen analysed liy 

 Mi Melville 1J<?11 for his Visihle Siieech ' into nine 

 kinds according aa the back, middle, or tip of the 

 tongue is hijih. niiil, or low, reckoned from I he 

 lower jaw to the palate, the mould in each cane 

 being wide open, and the nasal passages closed. 

 Each of these nine can be modified hy more or less 

 closing the lins (called ' rounding '), doubling the 

 former iiuiulier. Again, each of these eighteen 

 vowels may 1> either narrow or wide. The Ix-st 

 phonetists are not yet agreed respcctiii),' the cause 

 of this distinction, hut its reality is certain, and 

 may lie readily perceived by comparing imriovv 

 btt't with wide bit, narrow txtit vvith wide tut'. 

 narrow iiuwt with broad not; narrow ///<// \vith 

 wide /mill; 'pull.' Hy this means thirty six vowels 

 are obtained, which again can lie varied in dillrn-nt 

 ways. Knglish has only twelve dillcnnl vowels 

 under the stress ax shown in lines 1 and 'J, and only 

 four need lie noticed when unstressed as shown in 

 line 3. Hut this is a large niimlier. other lan- 

 guages have generally fewer, and this makes 

 Knglish so difficult for foreigners to pronounce. A 

 few of the foreign vowels, however, present similar 

 difficulties to Englishmen, among which are the 

 following : 



ADDITIONAL VOWELS. 



te short, as distinct from i in Fr. (French) and It. 



( Italian ). 

 at long in Fr. baft, 'bet*;' Ger. (German )ifehprar-hf/n~i, 



' fiesprSche.' 



<m short in Ger. matin; 'Mann ;' It aan'noa, 'anno.' 

 aA long and stunt. Kr /.<i/i. 'pas,' a broad sound MW.TH 



mi and . but not rounded, 

 oo long and short or middle length, between oa and ou, 



Fr. naov, 'nord :' (TIT. hnol'tt, 'Holx.' Also used by 



older speakers in English as mao'S ; now usually 



iiitnrtt, 'more.' 

 co narrow in Fr. pto; 'ix-u;' Qer. Qeo-tii, 'Goethe,' a 



narrow ai without vanish, spoken with the lips rounded 



as for oo. 

 oe wide, Fr. rorr, ' venve ;' Or. Botl-H, ' Bocke,' a wide e, 



spoken itli the lips rounded as for <*i. 

 ne long and short, Fr. aafut; 'afffll,' urt; 'hutte ;' (MT. 



wbOr, 'Uber,' tuy/ </// '//. ' iippii. 1 ,' n broad t (or, as Dr 



Sweet thinks, a narrow ee), with lips rounded as for /. 



THE FOUK FRKNCH XASALS. 



am' in rum', ' vin,' an attempt to say ae or a with the 



nasal passages fully open, 

 dan' or oAti' in iw' or tahii', 'sans,' an attempt to say 



mi or ah with the nasal passages fully | < u. 

 (Kin' or ' in boon' or liaon', ' bon,' an attempt to say 



r (inn with the nasal passages fully open. 

 orn or un' in oai-oen', 'auciin,' an attempt to say oat or 

 Mtli the nasal passages fully open. 



When two different vowels glide into each othei 

 they form a diphthong. Line 4 of the short key 

 shows the four principal diphthongs purposely noted 

 by arbitrary instead of systematic signs. It we 

 wished to represent their analysis we should write 

 /".'/', /oy'i /'"'/. .///""'/. where the y and (/ aie 

 used to show verv short unstressed i, and u:,, which 

 form the second element of the lirst three, the 



e| nt licing short but stressed. In the rases ni 



'way,' 'know.' and similar words, especiallv in the 

 pause, it i- very Usual in the south of Kngland to 

 let the voice glide oil' to a // and c- sound known 

 an the ' vanish :' but then the lirst element is long, 



UAICHJ'I/, HIKI'V. There ale. however, allUtllKlTof 



' murmur diplithongH* where the second element is 

 the murmur fl. into which the Map ; ilegenci. 

 (in London, not in Scotland i, as shown for il 



