PHONETICS 



141 



in line 8 of the short key, or in the four usual 

 cases ee'tt ori'a, 'ear;' e~H 'air;'ao' or a', 

 'oar;' poo'ti or MO - , 'poor.' The r, however, 

 revives if a vowel follows, as hee'u, hee'tirinq, ' hear, 

 hearing;' pao'il, pao' firing, 'pour, pouring;' or 

 paii'H, pau'rini/, more commonly in London. 



The mode in which a vowel begins to sound is 

 called a 'glottid,' because it depends upon the 

 opening of the glottis. If the vocal cords are 

 quite close and ready to act, as they should always 

 l>e in singing, the vowel-sound commences imme- 

 diately on the breath reaching the larynx, and this 

 i< called the 'clear' glottid. If the closure of the 

 glottis be exaggerated, so that the vowel comes out 

 with a kind of explosion, the result is the 'catch' 

 glottid, written ( ; ) in discussions. This is common 

 before all vowels beginning words or compound 

 parts of words in German, as ;aaynil, ;er;in Sruoiig, 

 'eine Erinnerung. ' 



On the other hand, if the glottis is not quite 

 closed at first, but closes gradually as the lireath 

 passes, we have first a slight escape of flatus, 

 followed by a slight whisper, and then by the 

 vowel itself. This forms the 'gradual' glottid, 

 which is not uncommon, especially in passing from 

 a hiss to a vowel, as in nee; and even from a mute 

 to a Towel, to distinguish more clearly mutes from 



sonants, as pee from bee. As a general rule none 

 of these three glottids need be marked, though the 

 ' gradual ' may be distinguished in phonetic dis- 

 cussions by ( ), as pee, pee. A similar effect called 

 the ' recoil ' occurs after mutes in the pause, and 

 may lie written in the same way in discussions ; 

 compare pop"' with pop'gnn, not pop'gun. An 

 exaggeration of this () often occurs in the so-called 

 'aspirate' or ' rough breathing,' which essentially 

 consists of a jerked emission of breath, whether 

 voice or flatus, and the exertion of jerking out a 

 vowel often introduces a strong flatus through the 

 vowel position. Both are represented by h (or, 

 when not initial, to prevent confusion, by -h), but 

 in discussions the latter may be represented by h, 

 as hot, hot. 



The consonants which have positions that gradu- 

 ally diminish in the power of allowing distinct 

 voice to pass from the nasal liquids, as m, through 

 the lateral liquid /. the flap r, the buzzes, as :. and 

 hisses, as , to the sonants, as d, and the mutes, as 

 , may be arranged either as in the short key or 

 by the parts of the vocal organs which form the 

 passage (putting, however, the mutes first as most 

 marked by absolute stoppage of voice) as in the 

 table, where capitals refer to the short key, and 

 the other letters are explained afterwards. 



TABLE OF CONSONANTS. 



ADDITIONAL CONSONANTS. 



Col. 2. /*, r' are /, r without touching the teeth, and of these 

 / ia the regular German ' w. 1 Both occur in modern Greek and 

 Hungarian. 



Col. 5. (' d', I', n' are the common continental forms of our 

 I d, I, n, the tip of the tongue being brought more forward, so as 

 to lie fully againftt the gum*. The first two occur dialectally 

 aometimea before r. but are not received. They need not be 

 distinguished from ! d, I, n. except in discussions. 



Col. 1. *A* zh' are ih zh pronounced without the hollow at the 

 back of the tongue, which is more in the r-poflition. But the 

 distinction need not IK- m.'ule except in discussions. 



Ik, nk are the tl;it.--l voiceles. forms of ;, n. The first occurs 

 unilaterally in the Welsh ' II.' and the latter dialectally in Eng- 

 lish for initial ' kn' in 'know. 1 



Col. 8. ly", nu* are attempts to pronounce I and n at the same 

 time as y, anil hence are different from ly, ity in mil\fitn, minyun, 

 'million, minion, ' where the y follows. They occur as 'gl, gn ' 

 in Italian 'ftKlio, segno,' f*fl\iti, Hii-ntfna, and Spanish 11, n.' 

 The ly 1 , although still written :is ' ill ' in French, has of late been 

 replaced in speech by simple y, but ny' remains as 'gn :' tliu.s, 

 ' sillon, signer,' tiyoan', tiny'tti. 



Col. 10. *y, fif are attempts to utter k, g at the same time 

 M y, and used to be heard (may still occasionally be heard ), as 

 in 'cart guard,' ky'wt gy'aa'd, and similar words. 



fcy*A, ff.v'A are the hissed and buzzer) forms of ky', <ni' in Ger- 

 man ax-icy k zrryifku. 'stech siege;' but ky'h fy'k are considered 

 by some (even German ) phonetists as the same as jth, y ; thus, 

 yyk, z'f-yu. 



Col. 11. kh, gk are the hissed and buzzed forms of k, g, In 

 German utakh'u lan'ijku, 'sache sage,' and kh occurs also in 



Scotland. It is the Spanish 'j,' sometimes 'x' or 'g,' before 

 'e, i,' as ee'kho, keekhao'tt, kkee'/e, 'hijo, Quixote, gefe(jefe).' 



'rk, 'r are flaps made with the uvula instead ol the tip of 

 the tongue ; 'r is common in Northumberland, in north France, 

 and in north Germany, where also ' rh is found in the pause, as 

 in ' riky'h'Cu'rk, 'richter.' 



Col. 12. kvf, ffw' arise from an attempt to utter w at the same 

 time as k, g, ami kw'k, gw'h are the corres]Kjnding hiss and 

 buzz in German t'aawkw'h'un', t'aawgw'k-un', 'tauchen, taugen.' 



This table is of course very incomplete, but it 

 will serve as a framework for introducing other 

 consonantal sounds. The glides of all these con- 

 sonants to and from all the vowels should be 

 carefully studied in actual words, but cannot }>e 

 considered here. 



Speecli consists of sentences, and it is only by 

 careful analysis that these are separated into 

 words, syllables, glides, and lixed sounds, so that 

 the letters which represent the last only, and have 

 here been treated first, are determined with much 

 difficulty among the mass of sound heard. Any 

 one who attempts to write an unknown language 

 from pure dictation, without seeing its usual writing 

 (if it have one), will feel this immediately. And 

 from this mass of sound to disentangle the words, 

 as they are usually separated, is still more difficult. 



