156 



PHRENOLOGY 



forty three : limiting the affective series into the 

 domestic, -elii-h, mural, and self-perfecting groups, 

 ami the intellectual into the jierceptive ami reflec- 

 tive group*. The following is a representation of 

 the liunmii heail from four points of view, showing 

 tin' positions of the cerebral organs, according to 

 Spur/heim and Coml>e : 



AFFECTIVE. 



I. PROPUUlTIEa. 



1. Ainatlveiiess. . 



i I'liilopnwnitivcneia. 



3. Inliabitiveneas or Con* 



centntireneaa. 



4. A'lhi-Miveness. 



.' I ollllntln-IMH. 



0. DnttructivrneM and 



AIniirntivrlMW. 

 7. SecretivetMM. 

 & Aoquliltiv 

 9. On* tract i v 



II. SlHTIMENTB. 



10. Self-enteem. 



11. Luve of Approbation. 



12. CautiiiiMiiriM. 



13. Benevolence. 



14. Veneration. 



16. Firmness. 



10. Conacitntiousneas. 



17. Hope. 



18. Wonder. 



19. Ideality. 



20. Wit 21. Imitation. 



INTEI.l.ECTI M.. 



I PEHntprivr. 



Individuality. 

 SS. Funn. 

 24 l. 



i ring. 

 ..lily. 



28. Numl" i 



M*. 



80. Kvrn-iinlily 



nl. Tun.'. 32 Tune, 

 33. Language. 



IL BEFLECTITB. 

 94. Comparison. 

 35 Causality. 



Tin- new science made many convert* nml became 

 |in|iiil:ir in most Kuropean countries. By 1832 there 

 were alxiutthirly plmnOtQgiMd soeiet i"-i. mill several 

 journals puhlishi-d in the interests nl the system, 

 which was supported by MacniHh, Laycock, anil 

 \rchhishopWhately. On the other hand, it was 

 strongly controverted by Sir Charles Bell, Sir 

 William Hamilton, .lellrcy, Itroiigham, Thomas 

 ilrown. anil others; and their strielures and the nro- 

 grewof t lie scientific study of hrain and mind ill tlicir 

 varioiiM reluiions have to a large extent rendered 

 it ulmiilete as a scheme. There is doubt less a largf 

 anioiiiit of truth in many of the generalisations, 

 lint anatomy and physiology ha\c proved that the 

 exterior surface of the hrain is by no means an 

 inde\ to mental procconon or characters ; still less 

 i'-li a guide furnished hy the minute variations 

 in the shape of the skull, which in a general way 

 correspond to the exterior surface of the hrain. 

 Size of hrain does not correspond direct Iv to mental 

 power or activity ; nor is the superflciaf conforma- 



tion the most important feature of the hrain. 1'ai !.- 

 of the external siirlact' are known to have function- 

 other than those attributed hy phrenologist* ; the 

 frontal sinus of the skull is sometimes lai^c enough 

 to occupy the region allotted to four or live phreno- 

 logical organs: and there are many OHteolo^ical 

 dillei dices in the various Imnes of the skull which 

 obviously have nothing lo do with hrain function- 

 or mental processes. An outline of what is known 

 as to the localisation of brain functions will l.e 

 found at HI:AIN, Vol. II. p. :ll. Kor craniolo^ical 

 characters, see SKI 1.1.. KTHNOLOOV ; and see . 

 PHYSIOGNOMY, PSYCHOLOGY. 



See the phrenological works cited at GAM.. > 

 HKIM, COMBE; Unmssais, Court de I'ltrdnoli* 

 Flourens, Ksamen de la Phrtnoloyie ( 1842 ) ; O. a Fc.wler, 

 Prartiral Phrenoloyy (1846); I^ycock, Mind and Brain 

 (1860); Professor Bain, On the Study of Character. >u- 

 cludimj an Ettimate of Phrenology (1861); the Pli 

 liKiinii Journal ( 182:1-47 ) ; Canis, Grundztirie tiner 

 Kranioskopie (1841 ), and Allot der Kraniotkopie (Ud ed. 

 1864); \Villich, Phyiiognomie und Phrcnalopie (1870); 

 Soheve, Jfatechamut dtr Phrrnotogit (7th ed. 1884). 



I'lirysla. a country in Asia Minor, the extent 

 and lionndarie- of which varied very much at 

 different periods of ancient history. In prdii- 

 toric ages it is believed to have comprised tin- 

 greater part of the peninsula, hut at the time of 

 the Persian invasion it was limited to the districts 

 known as Lesser Phrygia and ( ireater I'hry yia t In- 

 former stretching along the shores of the Vioponlis 

 and the Hellespont to Troas (afterwards part of 

 Mysia), the latter occupying the centre of A -in 

 Minor. Phrygia was in general a high and some- 

 what barren plateau, though its pastures supported 

 immense Hocks of sheep, noted for the linene-- of 

 their wool. The most fertile part was the valley 

 of the Sangarius, but the most beautiful and pop 

 ulous district was the south-west, at the base of 

 the Taurus, where the Mirander and other strt>a in- 

 had their rise. The momitains and streams yielded 

 gold ; Phrygian marble was anciently celebrated, 

 and the cultivation of the vine appears to have 

 Ix-en extensively carried on. The Phrygians wen- 

 apparently closely related to the Armenians, and 

 have left their traces in almost all parts of A-ia 

 Minor. Later they were forced within narrower 

 limits by the intrusion of Semitic and other aliens- 



Lydians. Carians. Thracians. In the (ill iitury 



<'rce-ns conc|iiered all that was left of Phrvgia. and 

 in 5411 he succiimlx-d to the Persians. The inllu- 

 cnce of Phrygian religion on Creek mythology 

 seems to have lieen great. Among their dcitic- 

 \\eie Men or Manes, C'ybele, and Athys ; and 

 Phrygia was a great centre of orgiastic worship 

 and celebrations. 



See W. M. Ramsay, The Citin and Bitkoprict of 

 Phryyia (180^-97). For the Phrygian Mode, sec HAR- 

 M"M ; for the Phrygian cap, -u IJoNNKT. 



Phryne.a celebrated courtesan, was the daugh- 

 ter of Epicles, IKIHI at Thespia- in lin-otia, ainl 

 originally earned a livelihood by gathering capers ; 

 but as tlie fame of her niarvetlons U-aiily sp 

 she obtained numerous lover-, who lavished 

 on her so profusely that she became enormously 

 rich. In proof of this the story goes that she 

 olt'ercd to rebuild the wall- of Tin-lies if the cili 

 /ens would allow her to place this inscription on 

 them: '.\le\anderdestroyed them: Phryne, the 

 courtesan, rebuilt them.'" The Thebans declim-d 

 the proposal. Her enemies accused her of profan- 

 ing the Kleusinian my-terics. Summoned befme 

 I he tribunal of the I|elia-t-. she W.MS defended by 

 the rhetorician llvjierides, one of her lovers, who, 

 perceiving that Ins eloquence faileil to convince 

 the judges, threw off her robe and showed 

 her naked loveliness. She was immediately 

 acquitted, and carried in triumph to the Temple of 



