1'IIVLOGENY 



PHYSICIANS 



-nhterranean haunts without disturbing or destroy- 

 ing the rcM>lK. Water. wherever it ran IK' applied 

 to tin* Miil no aa to saturate anil keep it -atur- 

 ated for a time. has proved a uafe ami effectual 

 destiny cr, because tin- insect cannot live in a 

 medium saturated with water for lonj;. Chemical 

 remedies, Mirh a> bisulphide of rarlton, have 

 been employed ex|>erimentally with siicce , lint 

 are found to lie too ex]iensive for general applica- 

 tion mi u Urge scale, even writ- tin 1 practical difli 

 rnlty of conveying tlit'tn into all dapUMOi the .-oil 

 and ditl'using them in it surmountable. Several 

 cases of attacks of phy lloxera on vines in vineries 

 in F.ngland have occurred since 186f>. These 

 attacks have IK-CII usually met hy the process of 

 -tamping out.' The vines were destroyed hy 

 binning. the earth in which they grew was wholly 

 remoxi-d, the walls of the vinery and the floor 

 of the liorder on which the earth rested were 

 thoroughly cleansed with salts or corrosives, and a 

 lic-.li -tart wa.- made with new earth and new vine-. ; 

 Km while practicable to this limited extent, the 

 remedy is obviously inapplicable to vineyards in 

 district.- collectively covering thousands of acres. 

 In s ..... e of the French vineyards grafting the 

 cultivated vines on certain of the native vines of 

 America has IM-CII tried with some success. Al- 

 though the in-ecl seems to feed on the root- of 

 these vines, the greater vigour of the American 

 -tucks ap|ws to enable them to resist the injuries 

 ililticled on them. Other chemicals petroleum, 

 tar, &e. have lieeii occasionally found helpful. 

 Another method tried is the cherishing and multi- 

 plication of natural enemies of the phylloxera : 

 these are numerous, and include Hephlophora 

 nrrtiitu, Pulyffn nx tiii/nrus, Thrija, A/>liii/t"x. >\e. 

 The extent of the disease in France i- noted at 

 Kit AVK. Vol. l\". p. 774. The devastations were 

 not seiioiis in Austria and Portugal till 1872, in 

 (leinmny till 1881 ; but France has sullered by far 

 the most. Other species, including perhaps some 

 varieties, occur on the oak, the hickory, the chest- 

 nut, and the willow. 



-> M ' "inii, /-.'"/. tur 'It Phylloxera rattatrix 

 (1X7<| : .1. Lichtenstein, HMoire rfu Phylloxera (1878); 

 C V. Kilt-y, NIJ-//I Amnuil lirport of Ike Slate Kntomo- 

 l.tit.t .,< Miimtri 11X74); and L. Dreyfus, Ueber J'hyt- 



; 



Pll> loii'liv Mir. /ifi I/fun, 'race,' and genesis), 

 a biological term a|i|ified to the evolution or 

 genealogical history of a race or trilie. It is used 

 in contrast to ' ontogeny ' - the development or 

 life-history of an individual ; witness Haeekel's 

 ' biogcnctic law :' 'Ontogeny is a rccapitnlat ion of 

 I'hylogcny.' S.-e l> U:\MMAN TIII:I>KI. KMIIIIY- 

 nt.oi.N. i:\oi.r i m\, HKUKIHTV. 



IMl> -Jlli.l. See PiiKTrciUESE MAN-OF \V \|: 

 PIlVHHlls. See \VlNTEK-fHKHKV. 



IMi>s-iT. See WHAMS. 



1'li.f.iriiiiis. TDK KOYAI. COI.I.K(;E OF. was 



foiimlcil by the munificence of Thomas Linacre 

 (<|.v. I. a physician and schidar. In 1.1IS. through 

 tin- inlliH-iice of Cardinal Wolitey. In- obtained 



from llenrv VIII. lettets jiatenl ^lantin^ to .Mm 

 Chalubre, liimself. anil 1'erdinamlu- de Victmia. 

 the aeknowliil^nl ph\ sieiaiis t<i the kinj;, to^-.'lher 

 with Nicholas Hal-cwell. John KranciH, Kob-i-i 

 Yaxley, and all other men of the same faculty 

 in London, to lie Incorporated as one lunly and 

 lT|ietnal community or college. They were per- 

 mitted to bold assemblies, and to make Htatulc- 

 and ordinance- for the government and correction 

 of tin- College, ami of all who e\erci-ed (he same 

 faculty in London and within 7 mile* thereof, with 

 an interdiction front practice to any individual 

 mile pre\jousl\ licen-ed by the president and 

 College. Linacre was the first president, and held 



the office till his death in 1524. The i ...... tin):- of 



the Col lette were held at hi.- house in Knivhtrider 

 Street, which he lie<)ueathed to the College, and 

 which until the year Isiai continued in the p. 

 sion of that )HM|V. AlHint the time of the accession 

 of Charli-s I. tii.' College, reciiiiiin^ I ..... e accom 



inodation. look a house at the IK.UOIM of Amen 

 Corner, which was subsequently purchaseil by l)r 

 lialdwin Hamry, and in ilHil was yiven by him to 

 his colleagues. This WIL- the seat of the (',.! 

 till l(Xi6, when it was ilc-troxed by the .'leal lire 

 of London. A new College wa- then built in War- 

 wick Lane, and o|iened in Iti74 under the- jn-csi 

 dency of Harvey's fric-nd. Sir (leor^e Km ; ami 

 here tin- meetings weie held till Is-J.'i. when the 

 present edifice in 1'all Mall l-'.a-t wa- opemil 

 under the presidency of Sir Henry Halford. 



The reason for forming; the incorporation, asset 

 forth in the original charter, is to check men w ho 

 profess physic rather from aviirice than in O<H! 

 faith, to the damage of credulous people;' ami the 

 kinj; (following the example of other nation- , 



founds 'a colleue of the learned men who pi. 

 physic in London and within 7 miles, in the hope 

 that the ignorant anil lash practisers IH' restrained 

 or punished. The charter further declares that 

 no one shall exercise the faculty of physic in the 

 said city, or within 7 miles, without the College 

 license, under a penalty of t'.'i : that, in addition 

 to the president, 'four cen-m- lie elected annually 

 to have correction of physicians in London and 7 

 miles' circuit, and of their medicines, and to punish 

 by lim> and impi isonment ;' ami that ' the president 

 and College be exempt from serving on juries.' 

 Four \cais later, in 1.VJ2 _':(. an act w .. 

 confirming the charter, and enacting that 'the six 

 person- hcforcsaid named as principals and first- 

 named of the said commonalty and fellowship 

 shall choose to them two men of the said com- 

 monalty from henceforward to lie called and 

 cleped Klecl-. and that the same elects yearly 

 choose one cif them to be pre-ident of the said 

 commonalty :' anil lint her directing that, in case 

 of a vacancy by death or otherwise, the surviving 

 elect* shall choose successors. 



In 1540 an act was passed in which it was 

 declared explicitly that 'surgery is a part of 

 physic, and may ! practised by any of the com 

 Jiany or fellowship of physicians ' a doctrine which 

 in later times has been totally repudiated by the 

 collegiate body, who, until a few yeais ago. would 

 not admit to tiieir privilege- a member of the Itoyal 

 College of Surgeons unless he formally resigned 

 his surgical diploma. Other acts wen- passed in 

 1 553, 1SU, and 1H58 ; the last known a- the ' Medi 

 cal Act,' providing for the granting of a new char 

 ter to the College, which wa> obtained in I sr.'J 

 Finally, in 1860, 'an Act to Amend the Me.. 

 Act' was passed, which repeals the provisions ot 

 tin- Act of 1522-23 as to the elects, and dec! 

 that the presidency shall in future be an annual 

 oflice, open to the Fellows at large, who shall al--o 

 lie the electing liodv. As at present constituted. 



the Collcg ..... insists of Fellows. Meml. 



Licentiates, ami F.xtra-Licentiates (in 1891, 298 

 Fellows UK! Members, -40.'t7 Licentiates, and 30 

 F.xtia Licentiates). The t'rlliws are elected from 

 memliers of at least four years' standing, who 

 have distinguished themselves in the practice 

 of medicine, or in the pursuit of medical or 

 geiieial science or literature. The government of 

 the College i~ vested in the president and Fellows 

 only. The picscnt .l/oii/wrv consist of persons who 

 had IH-CII admitted. In-fore Kith Febrnaiy is.'.li. 

 licentiates of the t 'olh-ge : of extra licentiates who 

 have complied with ccrtnin conditions; and of 

 per-ons who have attained the age of twenty lin- 

 y-ear-. and who, with rare exceptions ...... st IK; 



