166 



PIC DU MIDI 



Pico 



Kent to aid tin- Emperor Ferdinand II., fought 

 again-t tin- Ilohemians ill tin- battle of the \\ 

 Herg (1620), tlirn in tin- Netherlands, and after 

 tliat in Wallenstein's iiriny at Liitzen (1632). He 

 was one of tin- chief agent- in ellecting tlie fall of 

 tin- all-|mwerfnl general, l>y betraying his secrets 

 to the emperor. Then In- greatly Unfni*bed 

 himself in the battle of Niirdlingeii'i 1(134). In the 

 following season he was sent to :i\i\ the Spaiiianls 

 in tin* Netherlands, and siK-edilv drove nut the 

 French, Imt had not much success against the 

 DuU-h. lie was withdrawn !>y the eni|>eror in 1640 

 to stay the Swedes, who, under llancr. were threat- 

 filing the herpililary po cs-ions of Austria. This 

 purpose he MOOBnlUnd : but, though lie was 

 -uccefiil again-i these northern invaders in the 

 Palatinate, lie wan worsted in Silesia liy Torsten- 

 son. Returning to the Spanish service in 1643, he 

 was sent again to the Netherlands to take the 

 command of the Spanish troops. Hut his SUIT.--- 

 was not nearly so divisive as l>efore, the prestige .if 

 the Spanish infantry having l>een destroyed hy 

 Condc at Koeroi (1643). After the signing of the 

 peace of Westphalia ( 1648) Piceolomini was created 

 a field -marshal hy the em|-ror, and was sent as 

 pleiii|>otentiarv to the Congress of Nuremlierg 

 (1649). He died at Vienna, 10th August l(i.")6, 

 leaving no children ; his son Max, who figures in 

 Schiller's \\~nllfnxtrin, is only a poetical liction. 



Pic (III Midi, a -inn mil of the Pyrenees. '.Miiii 

 feet high, in the south-east corner of the French 



department of Masses- Pyrenees. 



Pirliegrn, CHARLES, French general, was lx>rn 

 a labourer's son at Arliois in Jura, 16th February 

 1761, and was educated hy the Minorite friars at 

 Ailxii- and at the college of Brienne. He enlisted 

 into an artillery regiment in 1783, and showed 

 such capacity and courage on the Khinc in the fiery 

 service of the young repulilic that hy 1793 he was 

 a general of division. In Octolier of that year he 

 was given Miprcine command on the Rhine, and 

 in conjunction with Iloche anil his army of the 

 Mo-elle he drove back the Austrian*, relieved 

 Landau, ami overran the Palatinate. Next year he 

 continued his career of triumph in the Netherlands. 

 and showed in three campaigns within one \car 

 consummate generalship ami a fortunate audacity 

 worthy of the great Napoleon. After hy swift 

 movements defeating the Austrians in detail, he 

 liroke their forces at Fleurus, June 27, I7'.M. and, 

 continuing the struggle into the winter, crossed the 

 Mi-use ami the Waal on the ice, entered Ainster 

 dam. .lanuarv 20, 17!)">, and soon occupied the 

 whole of Holland. During this campaign occurred 

 the famous capture hy the French hussars of the 

 Hutch ships fio/cn in the Helder. Kecallcd In 

 Palis hy the Tliermidoiians, the 'Saiiveiir de la 

 Patrie ' crushi-d an insurrection of the Jaulnuiri/x at 

 Paris, 1st April 17i'- r >, next proceeded to the Rhine. 

 anil took Mannheim. Hut at the height of his 

 fame he turned traitor, and sold himself for \.i-t 

 promises to the Itoiiihons. With deliberate 

 lieiirhery he remained inactive In-fore the enemy, 

 and al In will .loiirdan to In- defeated. The IHrccti.iy 

 becoming suspicions sii|>cr-cdcd him hy Mon-iiu. 

 and Pichcgiu retired to ArlK.is. In 17H7 he took 



his place, lil-l ;i- liicmlicr, III-M as plesidellt. of the 



council of Five llundreil. and continiKil his ItourlHin 

 intrigneK, hut on the IStli Fmctidor (4th Sept cm- 

 lier} was arrested and di-pmteil to Cayenne. 

 Escaping in the .lime of next year, he made his 

 way to l-oiidon. was attached to tlie Ausl m liussian 

 army in I7!W. and thereafter lived in Cermany and 

 Kngland until the (oiniation of the |!OUI|HIII con 

 niiinwy of lieoigi-n ('a<loudal (q.v.) for llieawaKsina- 

 tion of the Kin-t Consul. The pair reached Paris 

 ecretly, Imt found it ImpOMrfoU to gain over 



Mnrean. They were soon l-tniyed to the police. 

 and Pichegru was sei/ed in lieil and cnrrieil t<i tin- 

 Temple, I'chruary 28, 1804. Here, on the morning 

 of the 6th April, it WHS found that he had antici- 

 pated justice, and cndi-d his dishonoured life ith 

 his own hands. The traitor knew that he had 

 justly forfeits! his life to his country's laws, and 

 there is no justification for the rovalist slander that 

 he was made away with hy Na]deon. 



See the Lives by Owier (1814), Pierret (1826), 

 Votizien (IWle, 1870); ko the Mfmoirct by Mont- 

 K .illar,l 11804). 



IMrlliHllfiO. See ClILAMYDIll-llnllfs. 



1'irllillflia I'lioiling mountain'), the most 

 populous province (205,000 in 1896) of Kcuador, 

 emliiaci'- tin- i^uito plateau and it.s slopes. Area, 

 s:K)si|. m. The soil is fertile in the west. The 

 province takes its name from the active volcano of 

 Pichiiicha, 8 miles N\V. of t^uito, the chief town, 

 ll has five peaks, two of which (lf>,!IS feet) Mr 

 Whytii|H*r ascended in 1880. The enormous crater, 

 nearly a mile across at the top and perhaps 1500 

 feet in diameter at the hottom (which is -J.VHi feet 

 helow ), is said to lie the deejiest in the world. 



Piolller, KAROI.INK, novelist, was IMUII 7th 

 September 1769, at Vienna, her maiden name U-in^ 

 Greiner : and between 1800 and her death, !)th July 

 1843, puhlished novels and dramas sufficient to liil 

 a collected edition of tKl volumes, of which the most 

 notable are A gathvklai( 1808), /'/<',(/;,/. i 1808), 

 and Die Belanrruiiff Wieus (1824). Her aiitohio 

 graphical Duutw&roigkiitt* ( 1844) fill 4 vols. 



Plokerel. See PIKK. 



Pi*kerillK> a market town in the North Hid- 

 ing of Yorkshire, 32 miles NNE. of York, ll has 

 a line ruined castle, which was Hichard II. 's first 

 prison, and was dismantled by the Itoundhcads, 

 and an interesting parish church. Pop. (1881) 

 3931 ; (1891) .'iiiTl!. 



Pickles, a term generally applied to vegetables 

 preserved in vinegar, with 01 without spices: I hough 

 pickled applies to animal food preserved in salt 

 (see PKKSKIIVKH PHIIVISIIINS). The M-cial.le- 

 most pickled in Hritain are cabbage, cauliflower, 

 gherkins or young cucumliers, French beans, onions 

 and eschalots, walnuts, mushrooms, and nastur- 

 tiums. l'ii-i-iililli/ or Indian pickle is made of 

 cucumlier, cauliflower, mustard seed, and flower 

 of mustard. Foi the methods of preparing pickles 

 reference must lie made to a cookery iMiok. ( 'aper- 

 (q.v.)are imported; also olives presei veil in brine 

 and in vinegar, and .several preparations of the 

 mango fruit. The food value of pickles as a condi- 

 ment is touched on at MlKT. Vol. HI. p. H(H) ; and 

 for adulterated pickles, sec AlU'LTKKATKiv 



PICO. Sec A/iiHK.s. 



PICO drill! Mirail'dolO. one of the mo-t 



curious (inures in the history of the |tenaiai 



was born in 14(i.'i. and was the son of Fiancesco 

 Pico. Count of Miiandolu and Concordiii in tin- 

 MiMlene-e. lleuasa wonderfully precocious bo\ . 

 and in his youth he visited the chief univcisiiies of 

 Italy and PnUtoe. In I tSli he issued a challenge to 

 all coiners to engage with him in public discussion 

 at Come, but the debate wa- forbidden by t he pope 

 on the score of the heielieal tendency of certain of 

 the nine hundred theses which Pico had ollered to 

 maintain. An .\/IH/<I<IHI which he issued in his 

 defence exposed him to considerable persecution 

 until Alexander III. in M'.i.'! ah-olved him of tin- 

 charge of heresy. He s|M-nt much of his life in 

 tia\elling, and Ix-came known as a generous liene- 

 tailor ol tin- poor. He was an intimate friend of 

 Politinn and LoTHUO de' Medici. Me died of te\ cr 

 in 1404, and Savonarola, who had IM-I-II anxious to 

 enrol him among the Friars Preachers, vested him 



