176 



PIKE'S PEAK 



PILCHARD 



l*ihwter. 



the moot disquieting feature* of the Radical reform 

 agitation in 1819 and during the Chartist trouble*. 

 Pike's Peak, a peak of the Kocky Moun 

 tains, in Colorado, 6T> miles S. of Denver, dis- 

 covered hy Ca|ituin Pike, C.S.A., in 1806. It is 

 Mtuated in :' 60' N. lat. and 105 2' \V. lonfr, 

 and rises to a height of 14,134 feet. On i summit 

 is one of the highest ..... taonlogiMl stations in the 



world ; while at the lase, at Colorado Springs, 

 t horn is a low- level station. A railway to tli' top. 

 !l mile*. long I4J miles of i-iine.s), with a maximum 

 gradient of 1 in 4, has lieen constructed. 



Pilaster, in Classical Architecture, a square 

 pillar, sometimes standing free, hut usually attached 

 to a wall, from which it projects Jth, 

 ith, or other definite pro|M>rtion of its 

 breadth. Greek pilasters, or ante-, 

 were of the same breadth from top 

 to bottom, and had different capitals 

 and liases from those of the orders 

 with which they wen- associated. The 

 Konians gave them a taper like the 

 columns, and the same capitals and 

 base- 



Pilate, PoNTIl's, the fifth Koman 

 pn x-iirator of Judira and Samaria, from 

 26 to 36 A.I). He was personally con- 

 vinced of the innocence of Jesus, and 

 tried to save him, yet sent him to 1* 

 crucified to appease the raving mob 

 of .lei iisah-m, washing his hands U-fore 

 the |K-ople to show that he took no 

 re-sponsiliility for his death. His 

 rapacity mid cruelties caused many 

 outbreaks, which were sternly sup- 

 pressed, and at length culminated in 

 the munler of a number of Samaritans 

 on Mount Geri/.im, which caused such loud com- 

 plaints that Vitellius sent him to Home to answer 

 to C.-i-sar (36 A.I). ). Eusehius tells UK that Pilate 

 made awav with himself ; others say that he 

 was hanisfied to Vienna ADobfmnun (IVcw/ic). 

 or beheaded under Nero. In the Eastern Church 

 lliere is a persistent tradition that he eventually 

 embraced Christianity like his wife, and indeed in 

 the Kthiopir Church I'ilate is rommemoraleil as a 

 saint, his day falling on June '2f>. I'ilate is said 

 by Justin Marlvr. Tcrtulliiin, and Knscbius to have 

 forwarded to Til>criiis for his own justification an 

 ;l ...... nut of the judgment of Jesus. but the so -called 



/;/>',,>. and .!/* nf 1'ilntf. as well as the two letters 

 of I'ilate toTilierius, have no claim to authenticity. 

 Many legend* haxe clustered round the sini-ter 

 figure of 1'ontins I'ilate. One relates how Ms l.ody 

 was Hung into the Tiber, and caused the rhe-r to 

 overflow, and how it was next thrown into the 

 Rhone near Vieniie. lint (according to the latest 

 form of the niediieval legend ) again caused so great 

 a -torn, thiit it was cmried to Mount I'ilatus near 

 Luc-erne, and there sunk sivurclv in the deep |iool 

 on its top. lint here again it made storms ai i-c. 

 ind every year to this day on d'ood Friday the 

 devil lifts him out of the pool and sets him on a 

 judgment seat, where he washc- his hands anew. 

 Pilate's wife, traditionally called I'rocla or Claudia 

 Pniciilii, from her solemn warning to her husband 

 against putting Jesus to death, has I ..... n tegarded 



an a Christian by Origcn. ChrysoMe.m, and Hilary. 

 In I he Crii-k Church sin- is a saint, her day falling 

 on October -i~. Sec- 1! A. l.ipsins, lh, /',/../> 



.\:t.,i (Kiel, IHTIt. 



PilatUS. MorXT d.at. ../</* I'ilrnlu*, 'the 

 liiMHlecl peak.' from its top being frei|iicnth en 

 sloped in cloud; the legends connecting Pilate- 

 (o.v.) with the place have presumably grown out 

 of the altered name), an isolated mountain nt the 

 western end of the Lake of Lucerne, rising opposite 



the Kigi. The lower half is clothed with wood 

 and meadow, when- in summer over 4000 head of 

 c-iittle are pastured; the upper jmrtion is a mass 

 of bare and jagged |>vaks, rising in the Tomlishorn 

 to 6998 feet. Below the summit lies Lake Pilalus 

 (see preceding article). On two of the peaks the-ie- 

 are hotels ; ami since 1889 then- lm> U-eu a tooth 

 ami-rack railway from Alpnach to the- top, whence 

 I h.-rc is a splendid view of the Bernese Alps. In 

 1891 a steel tower was undertaken, to 1-e ;t(H) feet 

 in diameter at its base and 840 feet high, and so 

 pierce any enveloping cloud. 



PilaU, or PlI.LAF, a dish common in Turkey. 

 Egypt, Syria, anil India, consists generally of 

 rice, thoroughly boiled, drained, and gently stirred 

 with butter, pep|>er. and finely -chopped onions. 

 For the tables of the wealthy, fowls, lamb, mutton, 

 shreds of ham or luacon, variously cooked, but 

 always much lioiled or roasted, are placet! on the 

 top of the rice, and served up with it. 



Pilchard H'/n/mi pilcliardus, or Atom tar- 



itiiin), an important lisli of llic family Clupeidie. 

 The pilchard is nearly ei|Uiil in size to the herring. 

 but rather thicker, iind the lines of the back and 

 belly are straighter; the scales are also larger and 

 fewer; and the dorsal fin is rather farther forward. 

 The mouth is small, and in the adult lisli destitute 

 of teeth ; the under-iaw is longer than the upper. 

 The upper part of the body is bluish ^recn, the sides 



and belly silvery white, the cheeks and gill covers 

 tinged with golden yellow, and marked with radiat- 

 ing stritr, the dorsal fin and tail dusky. The pil- 

 chard is an inhabitant of more southern seas than 



Pilchard ( Clupea pilchardtu). 



the herring. In British seas it is abundant off the 

 coasts of Devon and Cornwall, and the south and 

 M)Uth-west coasts of Ireland; towards the cast end 

 of the English Channel it Ix-comes scarce, and oil 

 the more nort hem coasts of the British Isles it 

 is only taken occasionally in small nuinlicrs. It 

 Mends in abundance throughout the Buy of Biscay, 

 along the west coast of Portugal, and the' shores of 

 the Mediterranean ; its southern limit is Madeira. 

 In France this lisli is known as / xnnliiif. It i- 

 true that the sardines in oil im|Mir! 'd into (Jretit 

 Britain arc smaller than the majority of English 

 pilchards, but they ;m- of tlic same species. The 

 English pile-hard is usually aliout 10 inches long. 

 The French sardine' is said by More-ail to In- from 

 1'J to -20 cm. in length i.e. A to S inches--some- 

 tiiiK-s reaching '2.') cm. or 1O inches. The fish used 

 for preserving in France are certainly young and 

 not full grown. Pilchards arc now prepared in 

 oil in the same way as French sardines, .it 

 Mevagissey iii Cornwall, and have an extensive 

 sale-; -o are Spirit- (n.v. ) at Deal. The fish 

 rue- captured Iniih by drift-Beta and seines; the 

 foimer method is pursued along the south coast of 

 Itc-vnn and Cornwall, while- the principal seat of 

 tin- seine- fishery is St Ives. The drift net fishing 

 l-L:in- in August rind continin-s with fluctuations 

 until the following Ajiril, the largest number 

 living landed in NovcmW, December, and Janu- 

 ary. The drift-nets are each 1'20 yards in length, 

 and a fleet consists of twelve to fifteen, fastene-d 

 together, and extending to nearly a mile. They 



