PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE 



PILLAR-SAINTS 



179 



scallop-shells, and a long staff. Many abuses arose 

 out of these pilgrimages, the popular notions regard- 

 ing which may be gathered although, probably, 

 with a dash of caricature from Chaucer s Canter- 

 bury Tales, and from Erasmus' account of the 

 pilgrimage to Walsingham (Peregrhiatio religionis 

 ergo). Pilgrimages have gone much into disuse in 

 France since the Revolution. In late years, how- 

 ever, pilgrims have resorted in large numbers, not 

 only to the ancient sanctuaries of Fourvieres, Puy, 

 &c., but also to La Salette, Paray-le-Monial, and 

 since 1858 to Lourdes. There were special pilgrim- 

 ages by English Catholics to Pontigny ( 1874), Holy 

 Island (1887), and lona (1888). Knock (q.v.) has 

 become since 1880 a resort of Irish Catholics. 

 1'ositivists also visit the places connected with 

 the liven of selected great men. Benares is one of 

 the great places of pilgrimage for Hindus ; and the 

 Haij to Mecca is the goal of every true Moslem's 

 ambition. See Jusserand's English Wayfaring 

 Lift in tlie Middle Ayes ( Eng. trans. 1888). 



Pilgrimage Of CJraee, the name given to a 

 rising of the rural imputation in the counties of 

 Lincolnshire and Yorkshire in the end of 1536. 

 When the commissioners charged with the suppres- 

 sion of the minor monasteries arrived in Lincoln- 

 shire, ri-|Hirrs were spread abroad among the people 

 that all the church jewels and plate were to be 

 taken away, that most of the churches were to lie 

 pulled down, that new taxes were to l>e levied, and 

 that the righto of the commons were in other ways 

 to be vexatiously interfered with. The rising )>egan 

 lit I,outh on 1st Octol>er; '20,000 men soon gathered 

 at Lincoln, under the leadership of I)r Mackerel, 

 A MM it of liarlings, a shoemaker named Melton, 

 IK-HIT known as Captain Cobbler, and some of the 

 di-|io-~cssci| monks anil gentry. Hut the approach 

 of the lMik>' of Sutt'olk from the south, and a pro- 

 clamation by the Earl of Shrewsbury, who was 

 ' I rawing near from the west, stating that what had 

 been done was with the consent of parliament, and 

 promi-ing a free pardon to the rebels, caused them 

 to disband and go away borne (OctolW 13). In 

 the meantime a similar rising for precisely similar 

 causes hail taken place in Yorkshire : it derail on 

 ittli October in the Kast Hiding, the chief leader in 

 the movement being a lawyer named Koliert Aske. 

 The rel>els, 40,000 in numlier, took York and Ponte- 

 fract, capturing in this last town Lord Dairy and 

 the Archbishop of York (not unwilling to I* cap- 

 tured ). The king sent against them the Earl of 

 Shrewsbury and the Duke of Norfolk, and on the 

 reading of a similar proclamation to that in Lin- 

 colnshire they dispei seil to their homes. In the 

 following year Aske, Sir Hnliert Constable (who 

 had been a-so.-iated with Aske in the leadership), 

 Lord llusscy (suspected of complicity in the Lin- 

 colnshire movement), Mackerel, and others, aliout 

 twenty in all, were executed. See Gairdner's Pre- 

 face to Caleinliif nf State Papers, A'o/v/,/// mid, 

 liti,i,i-xtii-: Ili-iir;/ VIII., vol. xi. (1888). 



Pilgrim Fathers, the lirst English colony 

 which settled in Massachusetts (f|.v.). The com- 

 pany, numbering one hundred men, women, and 



children, set sail fiom I'ly nth in the Mayflower 



on <>tb September lfi'20, bound for the banks of the 

 Hudson ; but after a long and stormy voyage they 

 landed (21st Dec.) on the bleak shores of Cape Cod, 

 and founded the settlement of Plymouth (q.v.). 



See Deverell'g Pilgrims and the Anglican Church 

 (;ix*lwin' Pilgrim, Republic (Boston, 1888); 

 the Hillary of the Plimnuth Plantation, reproduced from 

 the MS. itself restored to the U.S. in W.fl of William 

 Bradford, the pilgrim who became governor of the colony ; 

 nd book by John Brown (1895) and E. Arber (1897). 



I'ililltlit, a town in the North-west Provinces 

 of India, 30 miles NE. of Bareilly ; pop. 33,799. 



Pillar, a detached support like a column ; but 

 its section may be of any shape, whereas the column 

 is always round. Pillars have been used in all 

 styles of architecture, and their forms and orna- 

 ments are usually amongst the most characteristic 

 features of the style. The Greek and Roman 

 pillars (or columns) are the distinguishing elements 

 in the various orders. In Gothic architecture, also, 

 the pillars or piers are of different forms at the 

 various epochs of that style. In the Norman period 

 we have plain massive pillars, square, circular, and 

 octagonal, frequently ornamented with zigzag orna- 

 ments, spiral hands, &c. on the surface (fig. 1). 

 As vaulting progressed, the system of breaking 

 the plain surface of the pier, and giving to each 

 portion of the vaulting a separate little column or 

 shaft to support it, was 

 introduced. This was 

 done either by attaching 

 shafts to the pillars, or 

 by cutting nooks in the 

 pillars and setting little 

 shafts in them, thus : 

 a, b, fig. 2. In the Early 

 Pointed style a plain cir- 

 cular or octagonal pillar, 

 with a number of small 

 shafts attached around it, 

 is a favourite arrange- 

 ment, thus : f, <I, fig. 

 2. In this style the 

 attached shafts are very 

 frequently banded to the 

 mam pillar at different 

 heights, and they are 

 sometimes made of a 

 liner material, such as 

 Purbeck marble. In the 

 Decorated style the 

 pillar is of a lozenge 

 form, and not so much 

 ornamented with de- 

 tached shafts as with 

 mouldings ; plain, circu- 

 lar, or octagonal pillars, however, are used in this, 

 as in all the styles. The mouldings and shafts 



Fig. 1. 

 Norman Clustered Pillar. 



Fie. -2. 







are usually filleted ; and some of the mouldings run 

 up into tlie arch without any cap. In Perpen- 

 dicular the same idea is further carried out; the 

 mouldings become thinner, and are more fre- 

 quently nin up into the arch without caps. See 

 FLAMBOYANT. 



Pillar-saillts, an English rendering of the 

 Greek stylitai, the name of a class of hermit- 

 ascetics, chiefly Syrian, who crucified the flesh by 

 living on the summit of pillars in the open air. 

 The most noted was Simeon called Stylites (q.v.). 



