180 



1'ILLAU 



PILOCARPINE 



rillail. 11 1'russian town ami forties.-, of the 

 third rank on n spit "f lan.l at tin- entrance of the 

 Frisd,es Haff, 30 miles \V. .>f BMphMg l.y rail. 

 1'op. :u:w. 



IMIIllil/. the ordinary summer residence of the 

 royal family of Saxony, in a U-autil'ul situation on 

 the F.HH-. ': mil.- SE. of Dresden. Tlie paboe 

 embraces three main baUdtngi or CMHM, and is 

 surrounded with Iwantiful parks ami garden,. 

 Here, in August 1791, the Declaration of rillmu 

 was framed, according to which Austria and 

 Prussia a"rced to take common action on In-half 

 of the royal family of France against the Re- 

 publicans. 



Pillory, an engine for the public puni-hment 

 of criminals, disused in Britain since 1837, but 



previous to that time c monly employed, an it 



also wan in France and < lermany. It consisted of a 

 -tout plank fixed like a rignboard on the top of 

 a pole, the pole In-ing supported on a wooden 

 platform elevated al>ove the grooBcL Above, and 

 parallel to this plank, another of like dimensions 

 was placed in a similar position with respect 

 to the |>ole, ami fixed to the former liy a hinge, 

 iH-ing thus capable of being moved upwards from 

 it, or dosed upon it, when necessary. A large 

 circular hole was cut. with its centre in the line of 

 junction of the two planks, and two corresponding 

 holes of smaller si/.e were formed, one OIL Mflb side 

 of it the large hole was for receiving the neck, and 

 the two smaller the wrists. When a criminal was 

 to lie placed in the pillory he was made to mount 

 and stand upon the platform : the upper of the 

 two hinged planks was raised to allow the culprit s 

 neck ami wrists to be inserted in their proper 

 grooves and then brought down into its place, 

 and fastened by a padlock, or in some other way. 

 The pillory seems to have existed in England MtOH 

 the Conquest, in the form of the ttrelrli-nrrk I ai 

 instrument by which the neck only \v:is confined i 

 and was originally intended, arcording to tin 

 Statute of the Pillory ' i ..M Hen. III. ehap. ti), for 

 persons guilty of forestalling and regrating. using 

 deceitful weights and measure-, perjury, \c. Its 

 Use wax exclusively confined to this class o 

 offenders till 1637, when leslrictious were put U|KII 

 the press, and all who printed liooks without a 

 license were put in the pillory. From ibis time' i 

 became the favourite mode of punishing libeller 

 against the government, and many eminent mei 

 were accordingly from this time pilloried, among 



them Leighton, Lilborn ami Warton the printen, 



Prvnnc, l>r Itastwick, and Daniel Defoe. These 

 sufferer* were popular favourites, and the encourage 



nt, applause, and sympathy of the crowd around 



converted the intended punishment into a triumph : 

 but such men as Titus dates, and the <-la-s ,,i 

 offenders including perjurers, swindlers, | M .ly- 

 gamists, &c., who were objects of popular hatred 

 and disgust, were pelted with rotten eggs, gal bage, 

 mud, sometimes even with more dangerous missih-s. 

 In I7!I7 the preacher Thomas Kvan- was pilloried 

 for singing a seditious Welsh song; so too, in 

 May fsfj was Katon, the publisher of 1'aine's Age 

 qfiietuiiH: and in 1814 the celebrated naval hcio 

 Lord roehraiie, afterward- Karl of Dundonald, was 

 sentenced to stand an hour in the pillory, but 

 in the latter case the government did not dare 

 to carry the sentence into effect. The punishment 

 wan aliolislicd for all offences save perjury in 1815 ; 

 and the perjurer I'cter .lames Bossv was the taut 

 to stand in the London pillory, in t lie ( )ld Bailey, 

 for one hour, on 2*1 .lune ls.m In France the 

 pillory was anciently called /,ilnri (a word of 

 unknown origin), and in recent times //, 

 from the iron collar by which the criminal's neck 

 WM attached to the post j and even so late as 1840 



i woman who had poisoned her huxliand was at 

 east sentenced to the pillory at Tulle as pan M 

 ler punishment. 



See Douce'* lUuitrationt of SkaJcapeare. <;rittitl>' 

 Ckronieletof Nemgatt, Andrew'/>uni*Aiitr.i. m tk'Ol^n 

 Timri, and Jewitt in the Reliquary for April ML 8e 

 ilo Jocos, CANO. STOCKS, and STOOL OK KBPCNTANCB. 



Pills are the most gem-rally convenient, and 



popular of all forms of medicine. They are for 1 



rom masses of a consistence sufficient to preseivc 

 the globular sha|>e, and yet not so hard ns to IN- 

 if too difficult solution in the stoimich and intcs 

 lines. This form is especially suitable for ( 1 ) all 

 i-emedies which operate in sniall doses. :i.- metallic 

 salt*; (2) those which are designed to act slowly 

 and gradually, as certain alteratives; (3) th<>-- 

 which are too readily soluble when exhibited in 

 other forms ; (4) sulistances whose operation it i- 

 desirable to retard until they have reached the 

 lower intestines, as in certain pills for habitual 

 co-tiveness; (5) bodies whose specific gravities are 

 too inconsiderable to allow their suspension in 

 aqueous vehicles ; and (6) fetid substances : while 

 it is unsuitable for (1) medicines which require 

 to be given in large doses; (2) deliquescent 

 salts; (3) fluid or semi-fluid substances, such 

 as oils, balsams, \-c., which require a very lar-e 

 proportion of some dry powder to render them 

 sufficiently tenacious to form into a mass; (4) 

 substances so insoluble that when exhibited in 

 solid form they pass through the intestinal canal 

 unaltered, as extract of logwood. Many .sub 

 stances, such as vegetable extracts, ma ( v be at 

 once formed into pills without any addition : but 

 most substances require the addition of a material 

 termed an excipient for converting it into a pill- 

 mass. The exclpients in most common use are 

 bread crumbs, hard soap, extract of liquorice, muci 

 lage, syrup, tieacle, honey, castor-oil, ami conserve 

 of roses. From the property of preserving pills for 

 a long time in a properly soft state the most \aln 

 able excipient is the conserve of ret! roses: and. 

 perhaps, next to it treacle is the most valuable 

 excipient. as it does not undergo any change by 

 time, but maintains a proper consistence, and pie 

 S.TV.-S the properties of vegetable powders unini 

 paired for years. It is common to place pills in 

 some line powder to prevent them from adhering 

 to each other, and to conceal their taste. Tor this 

 pur)M.se liquorice powder, wheat flour, starch, and 

 magnesia are generally used in Britain, ami l\co 

 podium on the Continent. Tills retain theii mois 

 ture and activity far longer in small bottles than 



in the ordiiian pastel>oaid lioxes. Tl rdimn\ 



weight of a pill is live grains; if it much exceeds 

 that weight it is too bulky to swallow conveniently 

 if consist ing of vegetable matter. It is very com 

 mon to meet with tmlienis who express their in- 

 ability to take this form of medicine. If. howwrcr, 

 the\ practise with a small globular m:i-s tow aids 

 which they feel no repugnance, as a pellet ot l.icad 

 or acnnaiit. placing it on the back of the tongm- 

 and gulping it down with water, they will soon get 

 o\ei the difficulty. 



To many people the taste of pills is a great deter- 

 rent, ami various methods of coating the )>ills are 

 .ted to for their iM-netit. Formerly coating with 

 gold or silver leaf or with a little tolu resin dis 

 solved in chloroform were the only methods ; but 

 moie rc-cently gelatine-coated, sugar-coated, and 

 pearl coated pills have been prepared in vast quan- 

 tities and have become very popular. There is, 

 however, always a risk of the deterioration of 

 such pills, owing to the length of time which they 

 may ! kept lM-fore l>eing sold. See also QUACK 



HIM TOK8. 



Pllocarplne. See .IAIMIHAXDI. 



