PILOT 



PIMENTO 



181 



Pilot is a person specially deputed to take 

 charge of a ship while passing through a particular 

 sea, reach, or dangerous channel, or from or into 

 a port. Pilots are of three classes ( 1 ) those 

 licensed to act in districts where the pilotage is 

 compulsory; (2) those licensed to act where the 

 pilotage is not compulsory ; (3) unlicensed pilots. 

 British pilots are licensed by the Trinity Houses 

 of London, Hull, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Leith, 

 and by Pilotage Commissioners in other ports. 

 The British pilotage laws were consolidated by 

 6 Geo. IV. chap. 125 and in 1853, but extensive 

 changes were made by the Merchant Shipping Act 

 of 1855, part v., and minor changes in 1862, 1872, 

 1874, and 1889. By the last of these acts the 

 monopoly of employment claimed by licensed pilots 

 has been strengthened. The scale of pilotage fees 

 paid by the ship depends upon the distance piloted 

 and the ship's draught <>f water. The fees earned 

 are sometimes retained by the pilot earning them, 

 less deductions for collection, superannuation, sick, 

 or widows' funds, and sometimes they are thrown 

 into a joint stock. 



In the United States the several states make 

 their own pilotage laws, which generally provide 

 for the appointment of commissioners with power 

 to make all needful rules and regulations. 



A British pilot-lioat must have conspicuously 

 painted upon it its number, owner's name, and the 

 port to which it l>elongs, and must show a large 

 Iliij,' of two horizontal stripes, the upper white and 

 the lower red. At night a pilot ^ssel on its 

 station shows a white light, and in addition shows 

 a Hare at intervals not exceeding fifteen minutes. 

 Shipmasters or mates are often licensed to act as 

 pilots for their own vessels. 



By British law no owner or master of any ship is 

 answerable to any person whatever for any loss or 

 damage occasioned |>y the fault of any qualified 

 i.e. licensed pilot acting in charge of such ship, 

 within any district where the employment of such 

 pilot is compulsory by law, but this law is not 

 international nor universal. In general, foreign 

 nations are more stringent than Britain in ex- 

 chiding aliens from their pilotage services for mili- 

 tary reasons. 



Pilot-fish (Saucrates doctor), a well-known 

 lish which accompanies sharks and follows ships. 

 It usually keeps to the open sea, and is vei v widely 

 distributed in tropical and teni]ierate regions. From 

 the Mediterranean it sometimes follows ships to 



Pilot-fish (Nauerata ductor). 



British coasts. In length it is about a foot, in 

 -ii;i|M- like a mackerel, in colour variable, though 

 gem-rally grayish blue with five transverse dark 

 blue hands. The first dorsal fin is represented by 

 n few spim-M. It* zoological position is beside the 

 lir*e-mackerels in the family rarangiihi-. 



Miiiiy wonderful stories are told al>out the pilot- 

 lisli, which seems to be the Piimpiltu of the 

 rtin-ieiitH. It is said to guide the shark to its 

 prey nay, more, to show sailors their desired 

 course. It certainly is a very frequent companion 

 of the shark, especially if that fish be swimming 



alone, but the precise nature of the association is 

 doubtful. The pilot-fish probably follows the shark 

 as it follows a ship for the sake of scraps of food, 

 and perhaps eats the parasitic crustaceans, &c. , 

 with which the skin of the shark is often infested. 

 Moreover, companionship with the shark probably 

 protects the pilot-fish from its enemies. 



Pilotv, KARL vox, head of the new Munich 

 school of painters, was born in that city on 1st 

 October 1826, studied at its academy, and sat at 

 the feet of Schnorr and Schorn and the modern 

 French and Belgian masters of colour. In 1856 

 he was appointed professor of Painting at the 

 Munich Academy, and in 1874 succeeded Kaulbach 

 as director of tfie same. He died in his native 

 city on 21st July 1886. All his liest pictures belong 

 to "the class of historical genre ; several of them 

 adorn the sumptuous palaces of art built by the 

 Bavarian kings at their capital, as the Maximil- 

 ianeum and the New Pinakothek. Piloty was a 

 pronounced realist ; he strove to reproduce nature 

 exactly, even to the minutest details, but did not 

 steer clear of the dangers that beset the endeavour 

 to carry out these principles to their most rigorous 

 conclusions. He distorts the relative importance 

 of essentials and subordinate details, and, in spite 

 of his skill as a portraitist, his pictures frequently 

 have a theatrical air. His drawing was strictly 

 objective ; but he allowed his personal tastes all 

 the more freedom in the choice of subject and in 

 the employment of colour. Most of his pictures 

 have melancholy subjects and a pathetic effect or 

 sad background; amongst the best of them may 

 be quoted 'Seni lside the Body of Wallenstein,' 

 'Nero amid the Ruins of Koine,' ' Wallenstein's 

 March upon Eger,' 'Galilei in I'rison,' 'Columbus,' 

 ' Death of Ciesar,' ' Announcement of the Sentence 

 of Death to Mary Stuart,' 'Thusnelda in the 

 Triumph of Germanieus,' and ' Death of Alexander 

 the Great.' Piloty was an excellent teacher, his 

 principal endeavour l>eing to develop the individual 

 genius of his pupils, amongst whom were Makart, 

 Defregger, Lenbach, Max, Dietz, and others. See 

 the Art Journal for 1865; Mrs Howitt-Watts' 

 Art-student in Munich (2d ed. 1879); and Rosen- 

 berg, Die Miic/teiter Malerschule ( 1887). 



Pilpay. See BIDPAI. 



Pilsen, the second town of Bohemia, situated 

 in a fertile and beautiful valley, 67 miles by rail 

 SW. of Prague. There are numerous active in- 

 dustries, producing building materials, machinery, 

 metal-work, porcelain, spirits, liqueurs, leather, 

 &c. In the neighlxmrhood are mines of iron, alum, 

 vitriol, coal, and sulphuric acid. But the town is 

 most widely known from giving its name to the 

 most approved kind of Bohemian beer, which is 

 brewed to the extent of 9 million gallons a year, 

 and (whether made there or elsewhere) is now 

 largely imported into Britain. The town was 

 stni mi-d by Zizka in the Hussite war and by Count 

 Mansfeld 'in the Thirty Years' War (1618) ; it was 

 Wallenstein's headquarters in 1633-34. Pop. ( 1880 ) 

 38,883; (1890)50,693. 



Pimento, also called ALLSPICE or JAMAICA 

 PEPPER, a well-known spice, the dried fruit of 

 Eut/enift Pimenta, a small West Indian tree chiefly 

 confined to Jamaica, which grows to the height 

 of 20 or 30 feet, and has oblong or oval leaves 

 about 4 inches long, of a deep shining green, 

 and numerous axillary and terminal trichotom- 

 ous panicles of white flowers, followed by small 

 dark purple berries. The pimento-tree is culti- 

 vated in some of the West Indian Islands. It 

 is a very beautiful tree, with straight white trunk 

 and much-branching head ; about the month of 

 April it is covered with an exuberance of flowers, 

 which diffuse a rich aromatic odour. The leaves 



