l.M 



PINK 



adapted Ui evade the force of winds, wliicli produce 

 in ilie tops f pin--- a pcculiai Mound, niiii-li noticed 

 I iy tin- ancient |x't-. more -oil and continuous 

 than in trees of richer foliage. Most of the pim-- 

 are more or lew social, one kind often covering (1 

 con-idci.idle tract; Koine of them clothing tin- 

 si.ie- and c\eii the -iiininit- of mountains \\ith 

 magnificent Imt somhre forests ; Home growing in 

 iowcr situations, mi otherwise unproductive windy 

 ground-, a- the 1'ine Stirrent of N. nth America. 

 The pines growing ill tin- most darren soils, or in 

 the coldest climates and most exposed situations, 

 are often very small, and, although very unlike 

 any other shrnlis <ir hushes, are scarcely to"becalle<l 

 trees. Pines are widely diffused over the northern 

 hemisphere, doing found on mountains within and 

 near the tropics, and in the colder temperate and 

 the arctic regions descending to the level of the 



SC.t. 



The Scotch Pine, commonly lint erroneously 

 known as the Scotch Fir ( /'. .>i///-Y/v.v i, is the 



Fig. 1. Scotch Pine (I'iaiu tylrtstrit) : 

 a, jnanK "li'-'i witli li-male flower; b, twig with male flower ; 

 c, If-mnli- It.iwi-r; d, ripe cone; t, the same, opened; /, pair 

 of needle* with wvti.m. 



only HjK-cies indigenous to Britain. It has leaves 

 in pairs, admit an inch and a half long, the 

 cones alMiut the. same length, ohtnse. ami with un- 

 anned scales. ( In very poor soils and at great 

 elevations it is reduced to a kind of sliruh, hut in 



favourahle sit nations it he< es a lofty tree. A 



plank live feet and a half in diameter has IK-CM 

 ohtained from a Scottish forest. The Scotch pine 

 is of i|iiick growth, hut has deen known to attain 

 the age of l(K years. Its head is somewhat conical 

 or rounded, and the lower hranehes die oil' as the 

 iree grows, leaving the older trees liare of liiaiiches 

 for the greater part of their height ; hut it is more 

 Hiit to send oil' large (tranches than most of the 



'onifci.-c. There are still native forests of Scotch 

 pine at Braemar and elsewhere in the Highlands 

 of Scotland: and even in the south of Scotland 

 noltle trees ure to he seen which, prohnhlv, were 

 not planted In man. The Scotch pine is not in- 



IL'.-iious t.i the south of Kngland. hut, having heen 

 introduced, i spreading rapiilly ami s|Hintaneoiis|y, 

 along with the I'inaxter. in some of the heath* and 

 other unfertile iiaets. Immense forests of it exist 

 in some rountries of Kurope, in some of which it is 

 mingled with the Spruce Fir. In the middle and 

 1101 th of Kuro|H> and of Asia it is found even in 

 plains nenr the level of the sea, especially where 

 the noil in somewhat sandy ; in the south of Europe 



it grown only on mountains. Its timlier is highly 

 valuahle, heing very resinous ami duiadle. and is 

 tin- llfd Deal or Hut /'./. useil in house ami ship 

 carpcntrj-. There is very great dillerenee. how- 

 ever, in the tiniher of Scotch pine growing in 

 different soils and situations, rich soils anil shelt. 

 situations deing unlavoiiradle to the ({iiality of the 

 timlM'i, which decomes white, s<ift, and coni|iara- 

 tively wcirthless; and there exist several \:irictics 

 of Scotch pine, some of which yield timher very 

 superior to others. Many plantations in Itritain 

 have, unfortunately, heen made of inferior kinds. 

 One of the liest varieties is that which forms the 

 northern Scottish forests, often designated linieiimr 

 I'lnf hy nurserymen. It is reinarUndlc for it- very 

 hmi/mital liranches, and is therefore sometimes 

 called /*. linri:iiiitiili.i. The Scotch pine is not 

 only valuahle for its Hinder, which is availadle for 

 S4ime purpose at every stage of its growth, hut on 

 account of other products. Common Tuipcntim- 

 is odtained from it, and much Tar, Pitch, Itesin, 

 and Lampltlack (see these heads). Oil of tnrpeii 

 tine is sometimeH distille<l from the cones, and even 

 i mm the leaves ; the leaves have also dcen used 

 for the manufacture of I'ine-wtMil (see FiBRors 

 SfKSTANrKS, Vol. IV. p. 606). The ic-dnous roots 

 are dug out of the ground in many parts of the 

 Highlands of Scotland, ami, heing divided into 

 small splinters, are used to give light in cottages 

 instead of candles. Fishermen, in some places. 

 make ropes of the inner dark, which is applied 

 to a very different use, when most soft and 

 succulent in spring, hy the Kuiuchatdales ami 

 Laplanders, heing^ dried, ground, stecned in water 

 to renicAe the resinous taste, anil used for making 

 a coarse kind of dread. 



The Dwarf Pine (/'. J'inin/in) is found on tin- 

 Alps and Pyrenees, it.s trunk often lying on the 

 ground, although sometimes it appears as a hush m 

 low tree. The leaves are in pairs, very like those 

 of the Scotch pine, hut a little longer; the cones 



Fig. 2. 



Conei of (a) /'fun* montana ; (ft) /'. ] 



.lid iii-nlli ..f (rf) /'. mvltrri 

 All limit } natural "lie. 



'urn; and (<) P. Pi muter, 

 and(f) /'. lav.- 



are also similar. From the .voting shoots an oil 

 resemdling oil of turpentine is odtained dy distilla- 

 tion, which is a kind of universal medicine among 

 the peasantry of Hungary, as is also the resin spon- 

 taneously exuding from the tree, which is known as 

 liiiintiiriiiii lialmm. The Black or Austrian Pine, 

 or Black Fir (P. nigricant, or /'. auatriaat), U 



