PINE 



185 



another species closely allied to the Scotch pine, 

 but remarkable for its very long leaves. It is a 

 native of Austria. It aliounds in resin more than 

 any other European tree. To the same group of 

 pines belongs the Seaside or Taurian Pine (P. 

 Pallasiaiut, maritima, or taiirica), which also 

 affords resin in great quantity, and of a very 

 pleasant odour. It is found in many parts of the 

 south of Europe. Its timber is of little value ; but 

 great part of the turpentine of the Landes and 

 other maritime districts of France is obtained from 

 it. It yields also part of the Burgundy Pitch of 

 the apothecaries' shops. The Aleppo Pine (P. 

 halepensis), a native of the south of Europe, 

 Syria, &c. , is a very graceful tree of moderate 

 size, with leaves in pairs and slender. It yields a 

 liquid resin or turpentine, which i extracted from 

 it in Provence and elsewhere, and sold as Venice 

 Tiir/ientinc. The wood is extensively used in the 

 Levant for shipbuilding. The Laricio (P. Laricio) 

 has leaves in pairs, lax, and 4 to 8 inches long, 

 cones 2 to 4 inches long, with the scales slightly 

 pointed. It is often called the Corsican Pine. It 

 grows on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, and 

 U valuable both for its timber and for its resinous 

 products. In the island of Corsica it frequently 

 attains the height of 140 feet. It grows well in 

 sandy soils, ami h.-is !>een made particularly useful 

 for preventing the drifting of the sand, and turning 

 to account the otherwise useless tracts between the 

 mouths of the Garonne and the Adour in France, 

 thus also preserving valuable lands which the sand 

 threatened to overwhelm. The Pinaster or Cluster 

 Pine (/'. Pinaxtrr) is another of the most important 

 European species. It has cones in whorls of 3, 4, 

 or even 8 together, 4 to 6 inches long, leaves in 

 pairs, and very long. It is found on the shores of 

 the Mediterranean, and also in the Himalayas and 

 in China. It has l>een used in France to a great 

 extent, in the same way as the Laricio, for cover- 

 ing waste sandy tracts. The timl>er is of inferior 

 quality, but great quantities of resin are procured 

 from it. It yields Bordeaux Turpentine. The 

 Pyrenean Pine (P. j>>frennirn) is a majestic tree, 

 a native of the Pyrenees, and producing very fine 

 timber. The Cafabrian Pine (P. brutlia) some- 

 what resembles the Pinaster. The Stone Pine (P. 

 /unfit), a tree with a broad umbrella-shaped head, 

 a form often seen also in the Scotch fir, forms a 

 characteristic feature of the scenery of the Medi- 

 terranean. It is the Pinie of the Germans, the 

 Piifiioii of the French. The leaves are in pairs, 

 4 to ") inrlies long, the cones very large, ovate, 

 and obtuse. The seeds, which do not ripen till the 

 fourth year, are large, abound in a fixed oil, and 

 when fresh, have a sweet taste resembling that 

 of almonds. They are used in Italy and other 

 countries in the same way as almonds anil pistachio 

 nuts for the dessert, in various dishes, also in 

 emulsion*, \-r. . under the names of /i/nn .1, /n/n'oles, 

 ami piijuoivt. The use of them, however, is almost 

 entirely confined to the countries in which they 

 are produced, as they very soon become rancid. 

 They are sometimes imported into London in the 

 cone, in which way they can l>e kept longer, but 

 the cost of importation is much increased. The 

 wood of this tree is very useful and beautiful. 

 It yields resinous products only in small quan- 

 tity. The Ccmbra Pine, or Swiss Stone Pine, 

 whirh grows in the central parts of Europe and 

 the south of Siberia a stately tree, with the lower 

 branches more persistent than they are in most 

 l>ines, and rigid leaves in groups of three to five 

 also produces IM table seeds (<'rnilirn Xllts). The 



''eiiibra Pine yields a pellucid, whitish oil, resem- 

 bling oil of turpentine, and known as Carpathian 



"m. 

 North America produces many species of pine, 



some of them very l>eautiful and very valuable. 

 Besides those long known, and which are found in 

 the states and colonies near the Atlantic, a number 

 of the noblest species of this genus have, since the 

 commencement of the 19th century, been dis- 

 covered in California and the north-western parts 

 of America. The Red Canadian Pine ( P. re.iiiKi.in ) 

 is found from ( 'anada to the Pacific, but does not 

 reach far south in the United States. It is the 

 Yellow Pine of Canada and Nova Scotia. It de- 

 lights in dry and sandy soils, and attains a height 

 of 70 to 80 feet, with, a diameter of 2 feet at the 

 base, the trunk continuing of uniform diameter for 

 two-thirds of its length. The leaves are in pairs, 

 and are congregated towards the extremities of tle 

 branches. The timber is highly esteemed for 

 strength and durability, and furnishes excellent 

 planks for shipbuilding. It is also used for masts. 

 Somewhat resembling this in botanical characters 

 is the Scrub Pine, or Gray Pine (P. Ihtt<k.iii<n i, 

 generally only 3 to 10 feet high, which begins to 

 appear in the northern parts of the United States 

 upon high mountains, and is interesting as an 

 arctic species, extending farther north than any 

 other. The Yellow Pine ( P. mrinbili.1, or P. 

 mitts) abounds in the Atlantic states from New 

 Jersey to Virginia. It is a tree f>0 to 60 feet 

 high, 15 to 18 inches in diameter at the base, with 

 leaves 4 to 5 inches long, usually in pairs, but 

 sometimes in threes upon the younger shoots. The 

 timber is very extensively used for shipbuilding, 

 and is largely exported to Great Britain. At 

 Liverpool it is known as New York Pine. The 

 Jersey Pine, or Scrub Pine (P. //), abounds in 

 the lower parts of New Jersey, and thence to the 

 south-west. The leaves are in pairs, 1 to 2 inches 

 long, the cones armed with strong spines. The 

 tree is rarely 30 or 40 feet high. Great quantities 

 of tar are made from it in Kentucky. The Pitch 

 Pine (P. rigitlii) is a native of the northern and 

 middle parts of the United States, often growing in 

 great miry swamps, and attaining a height of 70 to 

 80 feet, and a diameter of 2 feet at the oase. The 

 leaves are in threes, varying much in length, as the 

 cones do in size. Immense quantities of it are used 

 for fuel. Tar and lampblack are sometimes made 

 from it. The Loblolly or Old Field Pine (P. >"</" ) 

 grows in dry and sandy soils in the lower parts of the 

 southern states, often occupying lands exhausted 

 by cultivation. Vast tracts never cultivated in 

 the southern states are Pine Barrens, in great 

 part covered with this- species of pine. It attains 

 a height of 80 feet ami upwards, and has a wide- 

 spreading crown. The leaves are 6 inches long, in 

 tnrees, sometimes in fours on young branches ; the 

 cones 4 inches high, with strong spines. The 

 timber is not of much value. The Long-leaved 

 Pine, or Southern Pine ( P. /m/i/.i/i-ix. or /'. min- 

 tralis), is perhaps the most important of North 

 American forest trees. It furnishes the greater 

 part of the tar, resin, pitch, and turpentine useil in 

 the United States. The timber is also very valu- 

 able, and is much used for shipbuilding. In Eng- 

 land and the West Indies it is known as Georgia 

 Pitch Pine. The tree attains a height of 60 to 70 

 feet, and a diameter of about 16 to 18 inches; the 

 leaves are in threes, and about a foot long, the 

 cones 7 to 8 inches long, and 4 inches in diameter, 

 with small spines. The seeds are sometimes eaten. 

 The White Pine (P. strobus), called in Britain the 

 Weymouth Pine, from its having been largely 

 planted by Lord Weymouth, attains a height of 

 150 feet, and a diameter of 5 feet and upwards. 

 It has lax sub-triangular leaves in groups of five, 

 and pendulous cones 4 to 5 inches long, with thin 

 smooth scales. It is frequently planted in Britain 

 and on the continent of Europe for its beauty. In 

 its native country it abounds chiefly from lat. 47* 



