188 



PINE-TREE MONEY 



IMNK-KYK 



Pine-lree Money, silver money <-.iinc,l at 



Boston, Massachusetts, ,,i tlic 17th century (tTMd 

 K1.VJ), and so called from the coins' bearing the 

 rude figure of a pine-tree on one side. 

 Pine-wool. See FIBROUS Si IISTA XCKS. 

 Pink (Dianthus), a genus of plants of tin- 

 natural order Caryophyllacea-. of which there are 

 many (some 230) species, annuals and perennials, 

 with' iH-antiful and often fragrant flowers, chieHy 

 natives of Europe anil the tem|ierate part-s of Asia. 

 The calyx is tubular, 5 toothed, with two or four 

 scales at the Iwse ; there are live jietals suddenly 

 contracted at the throat of the corolla into a linear 

 claw. There are ten stamens, and one ovary 

 with two styles. The capsule is cylindrical MM 

 one-celled. The exquisite U-auty of the flowers 

 h;i- attracted adinirution in all ages ; anil soim- of 

 the species have long Iwen much cultivated in 

 gardens, particularly EM (iarden 1'ink and Carna- 

 tion (i|.v.), which are often referreil to one original, 

 tln> Clove Pink (// nirifujiliyUns), a native of the 

 Miuth <>f Kuro|M-, growing wilil on rocks and old 

 walls, and naturalised in some places in the south 

 of F.ngland ; whilst some botanists refer the garden 

 pinks with more proliability in part to the nmidm 

 Pink (l>. tlfltoidts), a pretty common British 

 specie-, nil. I those called Pheasant-eye pinks to the 

 Feather Pink ( It. i>/miuirJH.i), a native of some 

 parts of continental Kuro|>e. The varieties of the 

 garden pink and the pheasant-eye pink, which are 

 usually designated the tlorists' pink, are of much 

 li antiquity than the carnation as garden orna- 

 ments, tforaid scarcely mentions them, while in 

 Parkinson's time they appear only to have lieen 

 cultivated as other hardy perennials and annuals 

 were, without any sm-ciaf care. Their capaliiliiies 

 as choice florists' Mowers were recognised about 

 1810, and the nnmlier of varieties has since then 

 greatly increased. Nearly allied to them is D. 

 xii/H-rinifi, found in moist places in some parts 

 of Kurope, and not (infrequently to IK- seen in 

 Hower-lKirdcrs. It has very fragrant (lowers. Hoth 

 single and doulile pinks are general I v propagated 

 by /H/H'HI/X, which are short cuttings of tlie younger 

 shoots. They are also sometimes propagate.! by 

 lavers. A rich loamy soil is the liest for pinks. 

 The Maiden Pink is a small, much-branched plant. 

 glowing in grassy places, on gravelly and sandv 

 soil- ; ii hits rose-coloured flowers spotted with 

 white, anil a white eye encircled by a deep purple 

 ring. The Deptfbfd Pink ( It. urmrriit) and the 

 Clustered Pink, or Childing Pink (D. prolifer), 

 also natiM-s of Kngland, ditl'er from these in being 

 annual-, and in having clustered llowers. The 

 Beardc/1 Pink, or Sweet William ( It. /mr/xitiis), a 



native of tl iddle of Kurope and the south of 



France, with lanceolate leaves, llowers crowded in 

 ib'iise clusters at the top of the -lem, acuminated 

 binds. ami (warded petals, has long been a favourite 

 garden Mower, still letaining its place alike in 

 palace and cottage gardens. Although perennial, 

 It is sown annually by florists, to secure line 

 llowers, and thnre are many varieties, single and 

 double, exhibiting much diversity of colour. The 

 Mule Pink, or Fielding's Pink, a choice kind, is 

 Mlp|Hwe<l to lie a hybrid between I he Sweet William 

 and the Picotee. 'The Indian Pink, or China Pink 

 (l>. rhiiir.Mxis), is now also common in flower- 

 gardens. The Clove Pink was formerly regarded 

 as poHHCsniiig medicinal properties, and was iise.l in 

 nervous maiadii-s. See F. X. Williams, The /'// 

 ofCtntrtil Kuril)* (1H1NI.. >'<//. i a common 

 name of Thrift (ij.v. ). 



I'illklTloil. .InllN. an aciid little Ixnik maker, 

 wan born at Kilinbiirgh. 17th February I75S, and 

 after six years' schooling at Ijinark, and five years' 

 irksome apprenticeship to a W.S., in 1780 settled 



in London as a mail of letters, in 1802 in Paii-. 

 where he died in indigent circumstances, Kith May 

 1826. His twenty four works and compilations 

 include some pseudo aichaic 'rimes,' ballad-. >\.- ; 

 Entity on Mn/n/i (17K4); l.ittirx mi 1 

 (1785), marked chielK by a novel system of inllcc 

 tion and orthography, but wen- the means of intio 

 dncing him to Wal)M>le and (lihhon ; Aurifnl - s< "' 

 ti.i/i I'oeuu from tin .'/>. ' nUn-timix uf Sir lln-hnril 

 Maitland of Lethington (1786); Dissertation " tkf 

 Origin atiil Progress of tin Si-iitlii<iiix nr Unths 

 (1787), in which he first fell foul of the whole 

 Celtic race: /;///</ inln tin' llixtur;/ uf S<-i,tlninl 

 preealing the Rriyn uf Mttlmlm III. (1790); Irimn- 

 i/rii/i/iin ' Si-nlii'ii | 1 7 ( .i"i !I7 ) : Histtn-ii uf Smtlinnl 

 from the Accession of the Stttarts to tfmt uf Mnry 

 (1797); Walpoliana (1799); Minimi (!> f./ni/.//;/ 

 (1802-1807); l'oyaije.i mnl Travels (16 vol*. 1808- 

 13) ; A'eie Modern Atlas ( 1809-15) ; and Petrology, 

 or a Tri'iitixi <m Rorks (1811). See his Litertir;/ 

 Correspondence (2 vols. 1H30). 



Pink-eye is a name commonly given to an 

 epizootic dl-ease which prevails among horse.-, and 

 is called by veterinarian- K/n~'mtir ('ill iditrx ; also 

 Klieumatic Inlluen/.a, or sometimes Mum Kntiriti*. 

 The disease, which of late years has assumed a 

 more virulent form, prevails during a continuance 

 of wet weather, especially when it is also cold, and 

 attacks a iniinlier of animals in various pait- 

 of a town or district almost simultaneously, thus 

 proving its atmospheric origin ; but, although it 

 tlui- breaks out spontaneously, there i- no doubt 

 of its being an infectious disease. The primary 

 symptoms are loss of appetite, dullness, perhaps 

 rigors, with fever, manifested by elevation of the 

 temperature, varying from about 104 to Id, . 

 or, in very severe cases, even 108' F., and accelera 

 tion of tiie pulse. In slight cases the pulse may 

 lie OS, in very severe ones over KNt beat- pei 

 minute. These symptoms are succeeded bill not 

 always by swelling of the eyelids and n-dness 

 of the eye hence the term pink-eye pain in 

 and stillness of the limbs, with tumefaction, par- 

 ticularly around the joints. The swellings are at 

 lirst limited, but soon extend upwards am! down- 

 wards from the joints all'cclcd. and their occurrence 

 gives relief to the pain. The digestive organs an- 

 disordered ; there is generally constipation at first, 

 the fieces are covered with much mucus, and in 

 many instances there is some degree of colicky or 

 intestinal pain. Some horses have a loud, hoai-e 

 cough, at liist dry, but often becoming nioi-t : but 

 lung complications are not very common. In some 

 instances the pulse gradually becomes very feeble, 

 though the animal presents no other bad symptom. 

 the pain having left the limbs, the appetite return- 

 ing, the swellings diminishing, and the secret ions 

 regaining the normal condition : whilst an ordinal \ 

 observer is confident of a rapid reeo\ery, the animal 

 suddenly dies, and a post-mortem examination 

 icveals the presence of aiite-mortem clots of blood 

 in the cavities of the heart, and perhaps in the 

 great pulmonary blood vessels. To the veterinarian 

 the apparently convalescent stage is a most critical 

 condition, and he must endeavour, by rousing the 

 heart's action, to prevent the formation of these 

 coagula. 



As a rule the disease runs its course favoiirablv 

 in from four to ten days, leaving the animal with 

 more or less lo-- oi condition and strength, but 

 both an- soon restored by g<iod nursing and gentle 

 exercise. The treatment which has proved most 

 successful i- based on the conclusion that the 

 disea-e inn- a definite course, and that all attempts 

 to check this are calculated to do more harm than 

 good. It is most important that all who have tin- 

 care of horses should know that it is most danger- 

 ous to work a horse when this disease prevails after 



