PINKIE 



PINS 



189 



he has manifested the slightest loss of appetite ; 

 many horses turned out to work after failure of 

 appetite have been brought back a few hours 

 after in a dying condition. The medicines made 

 use of are those which moderate pain if excessive, 

 keep the contents of the stomach and bowels from 

 undergoing putrefactive fermentation, and act as 

 very slight aperients ; and, when the heart's action 

 threatens the condition above described, cardiac 

 stimulants, such as the bicarbonate of ammonia 

 given in a ball. Alcoholic stimulants, in virtue of 

 their irritating properties and their effect on the 

 nervous system, are very injurious, and should not 

 lie administered in this nor in any other disease 

 where the so-called fibrinous state of the blood is 

 one of the conditions. 



Fillkie, a battle fought on 10th September 

 1547 near Musselburgh in Midlothian between 

 14,000 English under the Protector Somerset and 

 twice that number of Scots. The latter were 

 utterly defeated, more than 10,000, it is said, being 

 killed on the field and in the pursuit, whilst the 

 English loss was barely 200. 



Pink Root. See SPIGELLA. 



Pinna, a genus of bivalves, not far removed 

 from mussels (Mytilidse). The shell is acutely 

 triangular, beautifully translucent, and in some 

 species measures two feet in length. The attaching 

 byssus, especially of the Mediterranean species (P. 

 nobilig), is very long and silky, and admits of being 

 woven into fabrics. So the ancients occasionally 

 used it, and, to gratify the curious, byssus-gloves, 

 &i: are still made at Taranto and elsewhere. The 

 animal is sometimes eaten. It lives from low- 

 water to sixty fathoms. 



Pinnace. See BOAT. 



Pinnipedia. See SEAL. 



Pinnock, WILLIAM (1782-1843), who i 

 famous in the educational world as the originator 

 of the formerly well-known catechisms which l>ear 

 his name. To Samuel Maunder (q.v.), his brother- 

 in-law, he wa chiefly indebted for the production 

 of these catechisms, which finally extended to 12 

 volumes, or 83 separate parts. Histories of Eng- 

 land, Greece, and Home ran through over a hundred 

 editions. His son, WILLIAM HENRY PINNOCK, 

 LL.D. (1813-85), vicar of Pinner, studied at Cam- 

 bridge, and wrote on church law ami church history. 



Pinos, ISLA DE, an island of the West Indies, 

 south of Cuba, is dependent upon Havana province. 

 Area, 1214 sq. m. The coast has many bays. The 

 surface is partially mountainous (1600 feet), and 

 has extensive plains ; a marsh divides it east and 

 west. It produces cattle, tobacco, lumber, turpen- 

 tine, pitch, tar, marble, tortoise-shell, silver, quick- 

 silver, iron, &c. Capital, Xneva (ierona. Pop. 

 (1899) 3199. It was discovered by Columbus in 

 1494, and was long a notorious resort for pirates. 



Pins. The earliest kinds of ]iins were probably 

 thorns or the small bone* of fish and other animals. 

 Among the remains found on the sites of the pre- 

 historic lake-dwellings of Europe there are numbers 

 of lione pins, some of a rude and others of an elegant 

 form. The great majority of the pins in these 

 'finds' are, however, of bronze; but a few of 

 cupper and one of iron have also been discovered. 

 It is estimated that 10,000 pins have lieen collected 

 at the lacustrine stations of Switzerland alone. 

 They seem to have been chieHy used as hair-pins, 

 though no doubt they were also employed to fasten 

 the dress, and for other purposes. The forms of 

 these aiieient pins are extremely varied, and in the 

 numerous cases where they have ornamented heads 

 the i>atterns are often curious and tieautiful. A 

 few have double steins like mcxlem hair-pins, and 

 three found at I'eschiera are exactly the same in 



form as the ' safety pins ' which have come largely 

 into use in recent years. Many of the single 

 stemmed ones are baluster shaped i.e. they are 

 thicker at some places than at others. A good many 

 both of bone and of bronze have a head formed of 

 a loose ring in an eye. Some have bulbous heads 

 (these occasionally being of amber) very like the 

 scarf-pins of the present time. For numerous 

 illustrations of these ancient pins, see Munro's 

 Lake-dwellings of Europe (1890). 



Among ancient articles for the toilet found in 

 Egypt some pins with gold heads occur, and 

 ancient Roman bronze pins and bone hair-pins, 

 with ornamental heads, have been found at Pompeii. 

 As regards modern pins, it was about 1840 that 

 the solid-headed kind now in common use took the 

 place of the older form of pin, which had a globular 

 head of fine twisted wire made separately and 

 secured to the shank by compression from a falling 

 block and die. These old pins had the disadvantage 

 of frequently losing their heads. They were made 

 by manual labour in such a way that each pin 

 passed through the hands of fourteen different 

 persons ( see DIVISION OF LABOUR ). 



Solid-headed pins are made by an improved 

 form of a machine which was patented in England 

 by an American, named L. W. Wright, in 1824. 

 But before this machine was perfected enough 

 to do its work properly many thousands of pounds 

 were expended upon it. Pins are made by the 

 modem machine in this way :. Pincers draw from 

 a reel of wire a length sufficient to make a 

 pin, which is at the same time straightened by- 

 passing between fixed studs. The pin lengtli 

 is seized by lateral jaws, from which a portion 

 of the wire is left projecting. A snap head die 

 next advances to partially shape the head ; the 

 jaws or grippers then release it, and the pin is 

 pushed forward again alwut a twentieth of an inch, 

 when the head gets another squeeze of the die. 

 These movementi of the machine are repeated 

 once more to finish the head, and the wire is then 

 cut to the length of a pin. The headed blanks 

 drop into a receptacle and arrange themselves in 

 the line of a slot formed by two inclined and bevel- 

 edged bars. The opening between the bars is just 

 wide enough to let the shank of the pin fall through, 

 so that by the action of the machine the blanks 

 become suspended by the head in a row along the 

 slot. When the 

 blanks reach the 

 lower end of the 

 inclined bars they 

 are caught, still 

 hanging down- 

 wards, between 

 two parts of the 

 machine (one of 

 which has a suit- 

 able movement), 

 and passed along, 

 rotating as they 

 move, in front of a cylindrical cutter, with sharp 

 grooves on its surface, so that it acts like a file, 

 and points the pins. The annexed figure from the 

 Engineer of June 3, 1887, shows this part of the 

 machine, which makes pins at the rate of 160 per 

 minute. 



Ordinary pins are made of brass wire, and when 

 these are finished by the machine they are cleaned 

 of grease and other matters by boiling them in 

 weak beer. The pins are next coated with tin, or 

 ' coloured,' as it is called. In this process alternate 

 layers of pins and grain-tin are placed in a copper 

 pan, to which water is added, along with some 

 argol or crude tartar ( hitartrate of potash ). When 

 heat is applied a solution of tin is produced from 

 which the metal is deposited on the surface of the 



