190 



P1NSK 



PIONEER 



pin-, giving them their silvery white colour. The 

 tin Mirface if afterwards brightened by shaking 

 them in a bag or barrel with bran or sawdust. 

 1'ins are 'papered' by a self-acting machine not 

 leas ingenious than the one by which they are 

 made. 



For mourning pins iron wire is used, and these 

 are either ' blued by heating them in a muffle till 

 the proper tint is obtained, or made black by coat- 

 ing them with a suitable varnish, which is after- 

 wards hardened by stoving the pins. The finest 

 .nut most costly pins are those made of hair-like 

 wire for insect collectors. ' Blanket ' pins are about 

 3.J inches long, and various sizes between 14 inch 

 and jjths of an inch in length are made for domestic 

 use. Sufrty pins with the point resting in a loop, 

 now MI much used in the nursery and for other pur- 

 pones, were, as already stated, made in prehistoric 

 times ; at least pins of exactly the same form were. 

 The manufacture of pins is largely carried on at 

 Birmingham, and to a less extent at London, 

 Warrington, Strond, and Dublin. They are also 

 extensively manufactured in the United States 

 i-liirlly in Connecticut. 



Pilisk. a town of west Russia, stands in tlie 

 midst of what were formerly vast marshes (in large 

 part drained since 1875), on a branch of the Pripet, 

 98 miles by rail E. of Brest-Litovsk, manufactures 

 leather, ami has a large transit tr#de. Pop. 32,408, 

 two thirds lieing Jews. 



riii-uli. CIKO, musical composer, was born at 

 Sinaliinga, near Siena, on 9th May 1829. He 

 studied music at Bologna ( 1845), and was a special 

 pupil of Rossini. From 1848 to 1885 he lived in 

 England as teacher of singing, chiefly at London 

 and Newcastle. From 1856 he taught singing at 

 the Royal Academy of Music. As a composer he 

 wrote charming music for songs ( more than 300 in 

 all ). In celebration of the union of Tuscany with 

 Italy in 1859 he composed a Te I Mini, but was not 

 successful as a writer of larger musical compositions. 

 He died at Florence, 10th March 1888. 



I'int. a measure of capacity used both for 

 liquids ami dry goods, and equivalent to the eighth 

 part of a Cation (q.v.), or 34'65925 cubic inches. 

 The Scotch pint, Kii|icrseded as a legal measure l>y 

 the imperial pint, was equivalent to 3 DOGS imperial 

 pint*. 



Pintado. See CI-INEA FOWL. 

 I'illlnil (li'ijilu). a genus of ducks, one hand- 

 some species of which (D. aruta) is a winter visitor 



PinUil Duck (DaJUa aftUa). 



to many jiarts of the British roast. It is a native 

 of all northern regions, is elongated in form, and 

 very rapid in (light. Its flesh is much esteemed. 



Pinto. FKKNAM MKM>K*, Portuguese adven- 

 turer, born at Montemor-o-Velho, near Coimbra, 



about 1810. When twenty-seven yean of age he 

 made In- way out to India, and remained 

 twenty-one years in the south and south-east of 

 Asia, leading the life of an adventurous seaman, 

 lighting pirates at one time, trading at another, 

 and again being employed on special missions to 

 Japan or elsewhere, his fortune often fluctuating 

 between great wealth and poverty. He returned 

 home to Portugal in 1558, spent much time in 

 writing an account of his adventures, adding to 

 them many exaggerations and gross fictions, and 

 died at Almada near Lisbon, probably in 1583. 

 His travels I'ereyrina^am were not published 

 until 1614, Inn have since then been translated 

 into several European languages into English by 

 F. Cogan in 1663. See a new abridged edition of 

 those travels, with an introduction by A. VamWy 

 (1891). 



Pilltlirirrltio, whose proper name was I'.KI: 

 NAKDINO Dl BETTI, was a pointer, born at Perugia, 

 in 1454. An assistant to Perugino, he helped him 

 with the frescoes in the Si-tine Chapel at Rome, 

 and then spent the best part of eight years ( 1484- 

 92) in painting frescoes on the walls of the chapels 

 of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome. After execut- 

 ing two pieces in the cathedral at Orvieto he decor- 

 ated the walls of what is now the Vatican library 

 with a series of six frescoes ; this occupied him .-i\ 

 years (till 1498). On the walls of Sta Maria in 

 Ara Cu:li he illustrated the life of St Bernardino 

 of Siena. Other frescoes by his brush adorned two 

 churches in Spello, the Petrncci Palace at Siena, 

 and the cathedral library in the same city, this 

 last series illustrating the" life of Pope Pius fl. All 

 these works are admirable examples of decorative 

 art. Pinturicchio painted a few panel pictures of 

 high merit, as Christ tearing the Cross, two 

 Madonna- enthroned (at Perugia), Coronation of 

 the Virgin (in the Vatican), and others al Siena, 

 Florence, and Spello. He died at Siena, lltli 

 December 1.113. 



See Life by Vcrmiglioli (Perugia, 1837), two mono- 

 graphs byScnmarsow (Stutt 1880 and 1882), and Mil- 

 anesi's ed. (Florence, 1878) of Vasari, voL iii. 



Piliwell. (iKimcK JOHN ( 1842-75), l>in in Lon- 

 don, drew on wood, did liook illustration, and after 

 I Mi.'i Keramea water-colourpointerof greatcinincncc. 



Pill/on, the discoverer of Brazil (q.v.). 



Pioillbi. the notorious roof-cells (nnl/n /limM, 

 'under the leads') of the state-prisons of Venice 

 (q.v.), in which Casanova and many other notable 

 prisoners were confined. The heat in summer and 

 the cold in winter are said to have lieen intense. 

 Of late it has been asserted that they must have 

 been comparatively pleasant aliodes. 



PlomhillO, a former principality of Italy, lies 

 along the mast omiosite the island of l-'.llia. the 

 greater part of winch Ix-longcd to it. Its extent 

 was 139 so. in. ; and its population, previous to it- 

 incorporation with Italy in I860, about 2."i,(XKI. 

 I'iomliino, originally a lief of the empire, came 

 in the 14th century into the possession of tin' 

 Appiani, who, after ruling it for nearly 200 years, 

 made way for the Buoncoin|>agm, who were ex- 

 pelled by N:i|Kileon in 1801; but after the Con 

 of Vienna the principality was put under 

 the suzerainty of Tuscany. The town of Piomliino 



( imp. 4IKXI), on a pr in lory 50 miles 8. of Leg- 



liorn, hits iron-rolling mills. 



Plombo. See SEBASTIAN M:I. PIOMBO. 



Pionwr. in the British infantry, is a military 

 artisan employed during ]>eace in such work as 

 painting and repairing barrack rooms, ttc., and in 

 war marching nt the head of each battalion to clear 

 a imssage for it through woods or other obstnic 

 lions, improve roads, make bridges, F.nd generally 

 to do any minor engineering or constructive work 



