PIUS 



209 



recognised by Paul I V. , who named him Bishop of 

 Sutri and Nepi in 1556, and cardinal in the follow- 

 ing year. His austere temper prompted him as 

 inquisitor-general for Lombardy to employ the 

 most rigorous measures for repressing the Reformed 

 doctrines. Under Pius IV. he was translated to 

 the see of Mondovi, and was chosen unanimously 

 418 his successor, January 8, 1566. As pope he 

 laboured to restore discipline and morality at 

 Rome, reduced the expenditure of his court, pro- 

 hibited bull lights and other amusements, sup- 

 pressed prostitution, and regulated the taverns of 

 the city. He zealously maintained the Inquisition, 

 and strove to enforce everywhere the disciplinary 

 decrees of the Council of Trent. The whole spirit 

 of his pontificate is mast strikingly exhibited in 

 the decree by which he ordered the yearly publica- 

 tion of the celebrated bull, In Ccena Domini 

 (1568) an attempt to apply to the 16th century 

 the principles and the legislation of Hildebrand. 

 His impotent bull releasing Queen Elizabeth's 

 subjects from their allegiance (1570) fell harm- 

 less even upon patriotic English Catholics in a 

 heroic age. But the most momentous event of 

 the pontificate of Pius V. was the expedition 

 which he organised, with Spain and Venice, 

 against the Turks, and which resulted in the 

 great naval engagement of the Gulf of Lepanto, 

 on 7th October 1571. Pius died in the following 

 May, 1572, and was canonised by Clement XI. in 

 1712. 



PlDS VI., originally named Giovanni Angelo 

 Braschi, was l>orn at Cesena, December 27, 1717. 

 He was selected by Benedict XIV. as his secretary ; 

 and under Clement XIII. he was named to several 

 iui]H>rtaiit appointments, which led finally, under 

 Clement XIV., to his elevation to the cardinalate 

 (1773). On the death of Clement XIV. Cardinal 

 Braschi was chosen to succeed him, February 15, 

 1775. His internal administration was enlightened 

 And judicious. To him Koine owes the drainage of 

 the routine Marsh, the improvement of the port 

 f Ancona, the completion of the church of St 

 Peter's, the foundation of the new Museum of the 

 Vatican, and the general improvement and embel- 

 lishment of the city. Soon after his accession he 

 found himself at serious variance with the Emperor 

 Joseph of Austria and Leopold of Tuscany, whose 

 reforms had swept away much of the papal suprem- 

 acy. The pope repaired in person to Vienna, but, 

 though received kindly, failed to restrain the 

 emperor from further curtailing his privileges. 

 Soon after came the outbreak of the French 

 Revolution and the confiscation of all church 

 property in France. The pope launched his thunders 

 in vain, and ere long the storm broke upon his 

 own head. The murder of the French political 

 agent Basseville in a street scuffle at Rome ( 1793) 

 gave the Directory an excuse for the attack. In 

 1706 Bonaparte took |x>ssession of the Legations, 

 and afterwards of the March of Ancona, and by a 

 threatened advance upon Rome extorted from Pius, 

 in the treaty of Tolentino (19th February 1797), 

 the surrender of these provinces to the Cisalpine 

 l!i'|iublic, together with a heavy war contribution. 

 The murder of General Dupliot of the French 

 embassy in December was avenged by Berliner 

 marching on Home and taking possession of the 

 castle of St Angelo. Pius was called on to renounce 

 his temporal sovereignty, and on his refusal was 

 seized, tebruary 20, and carried to Siena, and after- 

 wards to the celebrated Certosa or Carthusian 

 monastery of Florence. On the threatened advance 

 of the Austro- Russian army in the following year 

 he was transferred to Grenoble, and finally to 

 Valence on the Rhone, where, worn out by age and 

 .grief, he died, August 28, 1799. 



PlU8 VII., originally Gregorio Luigi Barnaba 

 378 



Chiaramonti, was born at Cesena, 14th August 

 1742. He entered the Benedictine order at an 

 early age, taught philosophy and theology at 

 Parma and at Rome, became Bishop of Tivoh, and 

 on being created cardinal was translated to the see 

 of Imola. After the death of Pius VI. Cardinal 

 Chiaramonti was chosen his successor (March 14, 

 1800). Rome, which up to this time had been 

 occupied by the French, was now restored to the 

 papal authority, and in the July of that year Pius 

 VII. entered into his capital ; while next year the 

 French troops were definitively withdrawn from 

 the papal territory, with the exception of the Lega- 

 tions. Aided by his secretary, Cardinal Consalvi, 

 Pius restored order in his states, and in 1801 con- 

 cluded a concordat witli Bonaparte. But much of 

 the advantage thus gained by Rome was annulled 

 simultaneously by Bonaparte s Articles organiques, 

 which concerned the discipline of the church on 

 marriage, on the clergy, and on public worship. 

 These had never been submitted to the pope, anil 

 called forth his strongest opposition. In 1804 

 Napoleon compelled Pius to come to Paris to conse- 

 crate him as emperor. He was well received, but 

 failed to get any modification of the, articles, and 

 not six months after his return to Rome the troops 

 of Napoleon seized Ancona, and finally in February 

 1808 General Miollis entered Rome, and took 

 possession of the castle of St Angelo. Ere long a 

 decree was issued annexing the provinces of Ancona, 

 Fermo, Urbino, and Macerata to the kingdom of 

 Italy. The usurpation was consummated (May 17, 

 1809) by a decree annexing Rome and all the 

 remaining papal territory to the French empire. 

 The pope on June 10 retaliated with a bull of 

 excommunication directed against the robbers 

 of the holy see, yet without formally naming 

 Napoleon. The unhappy jiope was next removed 

 to Grenoble, then to Savona, and finally to Fon- 

 tainebleau. There he was forced into signing a 

 new concordat, recognising the annexation of the 

 Roman states to the empire (January 25, 1813). 

 The fall of Napoleon allowed him to return, and on 

 May 24, 1814 he re-entered Rome. The Congress of 

 Vienna formally restored to him his territory, and 

 the remainder of his reign was devoted, under the 

 enlightened advice of Consalvi, to wise measures 

 of internal administration. Brigandage was sternly 

 suppressed, as well as secret societies, especially 

 that of the Carbonari ; while the Jesuits were 

 restored, and concordats concluded with Naples, 

 Prussia, Wiirtemberg, and other courts of Germany. 

 Throughout his life Pins was a model of gentleness, 

 simplicity, benevolence, and Christian charity. 

 He died August 20, 1823, after having broken his 

 thigh through a fall. 



Plus IX., Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, 

 occupant of the papal chair during one of the most 

 eventful periods in the history of the papacy, was 

 the fourth son of Count Jerome Mastai Ferretti, 

 and was Imrn at Sinigaglia, May 13, 1792. His 

 epileptic attacks rendered him unfit for the Noble 

 Guard, whereupon he turned to the study of theo- 

 logy, and was admitted to deacon's orders in 

 December 1818. For five years he presided over 

 the orphanage of Tata Giovanni, next accompanied 

 the Apostolic delegate Monsignor Muzi to Chili. 

 In 1825 he returned to Rome, was made canon of 

 S. Maria in the Via Lata, and head of San Michele, 

 a great hospital for destitute children. In 1827 he 

 was made Archbishop of Spoleto by Leo XII., and 

 transferred to Imola by Gregory XVI. in 1832. 

 In 1840 he l>ecame a cardinal, and on the death of 

 Gregory XVI. in 1846 was elected by acclamation 

 to succeed him. He was avowedly the leader of 

 the reforming party, and twelve hours after his 

 election Cardinal Gaysruck, Archbishop of Milan, 

 reached Rome with instructions from Austria to 



