210 



PI is 



PIZAKRO 



veto hie election. He took the name of Pius IX., 

 and entered at once on a course of reforms, by 

 which he hoped to establish the papal government 

 on a popular but yet firm basin. Hi- first step wan 

 to grant an amnesty to all prisoners and exiles for 

 political offences. He next removed most of the 

 disabilities of the Jews, authorised railways, and 

 projected a Cotuiilta or council of state, and in 

 Starch 1848 published hi.* Stntntu h'atiilnmentnte, a 

 complete scheme for the teinimral government of 

 the papal states by means of two chambers, one 

 nominated by the pope, the other (with the power 

 <if taxation ) elected by the people. At first the new 

 pope was the idol of the populace. Mazzini hailed 

 tin- new policy with enthusiasm, and Carlvle 

 declared that 'the old chimera was rejuvenised !' 

 Hut the revolutionary fever of 1848 spread too fast 

 for a reforming pope, and the refusal to make war 

 upon the Austrian* finally forfeited the affections 

 of the Romans. Un November 15, 1848, his first 

 minister. Count Rossi, was murdered in broad day- 

 light, and two days later a threatening mob as- 

 sembled in the square of the Quirinul. On the 24th 

 the pope escaped to Gaeta, a Neapolitan sea|iort near 

 the Roman frontier. A republic was proclaimed in 

 Rome, the provisional heads of which proceeded 

 with great moderation and wisdom to a complete 

 and radical remodelling of the civil government of 

 the state. Pius from his exije addressed a remon- 

 strance to the various sovereigns. In April 1849 a 

 French expedition was sent to Civita Vecchia, and 

 on July 2 General Oudinot took Koine, after a 

 siege of thirty days. The papal government was 

 re-established, but Pius himself iliii not return till 

 April 12, 1850. From this time his government, 

 swayed by Antonelli, was the very reverse of what 

 it had been, and to the end of his life he con- 

 tinued an unhesitating and unyielding Conserva- 

 tive. After the war for the unification of Italy 

 the Legations, Ancoua, and a considerable part 

 of the papal territory southward in the direc- 

 tion of Rome were annexed to the kingdom of 

 Italy, but Pius persistently refused to cede any 

 portion or to enter into any compromise. 



In his ecclesiastical policy he was incessantly 

 active, henceforward closely related with the 

 Jesuits, and ever uncompromising in his ultra 

 Un mi ani-ni : and at la-t he proceeded to promulgate 

 dogmatic delinitions about problems that hail been 

 left unsettled by the wisdom of the ages. He re- 

 established the hierarchy in England, he sanctioned 

 the establishment in Ireland of a Catholic uni- 

 versity, and condemned the prim-iple- upon which 

 the (Jueen's Colleges in thai country were con- 

 stituted. He concluded with Austria a concordat 

 much more favourable to church authority than 

 the existing ecclesiastical laws had permitted. By 

 the bull Incllaliili- I >eu-' i sih December 1854) he 

 decreed as a doctrine of the church the faith of the 

 Immaculate Conception (q.v.) of the lilc ed Virgin 

 Mary ; his famous encyclical ' Quanta < 'ura,' and the 

 Syllabus, or list of prevalent error- especially to lie 

 reprobated, appeared in Decemlier 18(M. llut the 

 most important event of his pontificate was the eon- 

 vocation of the Vatican Council, at which bishops 

 from all parts of the Catholic world assemble*! in 

 December 1H69. It was adjourned in July 1H7<>, 

 after it had proclaimed the celebrated decree of the 

 Infallibility (<|.v.)of the I'opc, when on a subject of 

 faith or morals lie i-sucs a deciee <./ ,-ntl,r<lrt'i to the 

 universal church. For the last ten years the pope's 

 temporal power in Rome had been only maintained 

 by French bayonet*, and on the withdrawal of 

 the garrison at the outbreak of the war with 

 Germany the soldiers of Victor Emmanuel crossed 

 the frontiers, and, after the short delay of a 

 feeble and half-hearted defence, entered the city 

 amid the acclamations of the populace, and so 



terminated the temporal power of the pope. 

 The result of the ]itrlii.witnnt on Octolier 2 wa 

 40,805 for, and but 46 against, union with Italy, 

 and for the rest of his days the pope lived a volun- 

 tary prisoner within ttie Vatican, having the 

 mortification to see his capital become the centre 

 of a united kingdom of Italy, its king enthroned 

 in the (Juirinal with the affections of all liis sub- 

 jects. He renewed with all solemnity his oft 

 re]>eated protest, and refused the pension of 129,000* 

 voted him by the national parliament. His loss 

 was in some measure compensated by the re- 

 vival, as a voluntary contribution, of the ancient 

 tribute of Peter's (pence (q.v.). In June 1871 hi- 

 reign readied the unparalleled duration of twenty 

 five years, and on June 3, 1877, he celebrated the 

 jubilee of his episcopal consecration. He died a 

 month after Victor Emmanuel (to whom he sent 

 the papal benediction ), on 8th February 1878. 



See Lives by J. F. Magnire (2d ed. New York, 1878), 

 T. A. Trollope (2 vols. 1877), and Wappmannirperger 

 I Katislii.n. 1878); also the articles ITALY, GARIBALDI, 

 and MAZZINI. 



Pizarro, FRANCISCO, the conqueror of lYm. 

 was the illegitimate son of a colonel of infantry 

 named Gonzalo Pizarro, and was born at Tiujilln 

 in Estremadura, it is Itelieved alxrat 1470 or 1475. 

 He received no education, and was not even 

 taught to read and write, but entered the military 

 service at an early age, and served under the 

 'Great Captain' (Gonsalvo di Cordova) in Italy. 

 In 1509 we find him at Iianen in the exi>edition 

 of Alonzo de Ojeda. He also nerved under 

 Vasco Nunez de Balboa when he crossed the 

 isthmus and discovered the South Sea, led an 

 expedition as far as I'.ini. to the south of the 

 isthmus on the Pacific coast, and eventually be- 

 came a citizen of Panama. In 1522 Don Pascuat 

 de Andagoya also reached IJiru, and there collected 

 information resj>ecting the great empire of the 

 Incas. Returning to 1'anama to prosecute the- 

 discovery, he became so ill that he was induced by 

 the governor to hand over the enterprise to three 

 partners, Francisco Pizarro, another old soldier 

 named Diego de Almagro (q.v. ), and a wealthy 

 ecclesiastic named Hemando Luque. Pizarro was 

 to lead the expedition, Almagro was to keen open 

 communications, and Luque was to supply the 

 funds. Their first attempt was a failure, but in 

 1526 Pizarro and Almagro sailed in two vessels, 

 with Bartolome Ruiz, a very expert and gallant 

 sailor, as pilot. Pizarro landed his men, Almagro 

 returned to Panama for supplies, and Ruiz made a 

 voyage to the southward, being the first European 

 to cross the equator in the I'acilic Ocean. Almagro 

 returned, and the expedition proceeded southwards. 

 Hut they were not yet strong enough to form any 

 settlement, and eventually Almagro was sent back 

 for reinforcements, while Pizarro and part of the 

 force remained on an island discovered by Ruiz, 

 in 1 57' N., called Gallo. The arrangement caused 

 much discontent. The men complained that they 

 were lieing left to starve. The governor of Panama 

 refused to give any further countenance to an 

 enterprise which seemed doomed to failure, and 

 two vessels, under Pedro Tafur, were sent to bring 

 the people back from Gallo. Pizarro refused to 

 return. Drawing a line along the sand, he called 

 upon those who remained resolute to achieve 

 success in spite of all difficulties to come over to 

 his side. Thirteen men crossed the line. Tafnr 

 returned with the rest to Panama. Pizarro ami 

 his devoted little band removed to another island, 

 called Gorgona, where there was more game and 

 tetter water. For a long time the governor of 

 Panama refused to allow any help to be sent. At 

 last Ruiz was allowed to sail with one small vessel. 

 He leached Gorgona, and Pizarro embarked, full of 



