212 



PIZZICATO 



PI..UJI i: 



Pizarro's Mile. The desertions took place by com- 

 panies and squadrons. So ( ionzalo Pizarru sorrow- 

 fully took his way to the president's camp, and 

 gave himself up. Carbajal was seized by the 

 soldiers and hanged the following day. Gonzalo, 

 the last of five famous brothers, was beheaded in 

 presence of the whole army on the 10th of April 

 1548, at the age of forty-two. He left, by an Inca 

 princess, a son known as Francis<juito, who was 

 made legitimate by the emperor in 1544, and a 

 daughter named Inez, who was married in Lima. 

 Francisquito was sent to Spain, but died young. 



See Lives by Helps (1869) nd Towle (Boston, 1878), 

 also works cited at PERU. 



Pizzicato, a phrase used in music for the violin 

 or violoncello, to denote that here the strings are to 

 be tw itched with the fingers in the manner of a harp 

 or guitar. 



Placebo (Lat., 'I will please'), in the Roman 

 Catholic service of vespers for the dead the name 

 of the first antiphon, which begins with the word. 

 In medicine it is an epithet applied to a remedy 

 intended to humour or gratify a patient rather 

 than to exercise any curative effect. 

 Place-names. See NAMES. 

 Placenta, or AFTER-BIRTH, the structure 

 which unites the unborn mammal to the womb of 

 its mother and establishes a nutritive connection 

 between them. The placenta is peculiarly a mam- 

 inalian .structure, but it is not developed in Orni- 

 thorhyiirhus and Echidna, which lay eggs, nor is it 

 more than incipient in the Marsupials, which bring 

 forth their young after a short gestation. In all 

 other mammals it occurs in various forms, partly 

 embryonic in its origin, partly maternal, always 

 acting as a double vascular sponge, by means of 

 which the blood of the mother nourishes and 

 purities that of her unborn young. Vague pro- 

 phecies of it occur in two cartilaginous fishes and 

 in two lizards, in which there is a connection be- 

 tween the yolk-sac of the embryo and the wall of 

 the oviduct. 



In the hedgehog, which is a conveniently centra] 

 type of mammal, the connection between embm 

 and mother has the following history, (a) The 

 outer wall of the embryonic sac is moored to the 

 wall of the uterus by small cellular outgrowths 

 known as the preliminary ' villi,' and minute 

 cavities between these are "bathed by the blood of 

 the mother. (6) The growing embryo Womes en 

 sheathed by the double folds of the Amiiion (q.v.) 

 the inner parts of which form the ' amnion propci . 

 while the outer form the sub. zonal DMmbraOA, 

 Part of the yolk-sac wall fuses with this mb-HBa 

 membrane; from the united area vascular vill 

 grow out into the wall of the uterus, which is now 

 much modified. Thus is formed a ' volk -a. 

 placenta,' as exhibited for a time by Insectivorc 

 and Rodents, (c) but the most Important unioi 

 between mother and offspring is that due to the 

 union of Allantois (q.v.) and sub-zonal membrane 

 If there has been a yolk-sac placenta it dwindle 

 fiefore this new and more efficient union. l''roti 

 the united area vascular villi grow out into ill-pros 

 sions or crypto in the uterine wall, part of which i 

 modified into a spongy vascular tissue. In InMCa 

 vores, Bate, and Rodents the original outer wall 

 the embryonic sac persists Ix-tween the placenta 

 villi and the maternal blood, and mediates between 

 them. 



The final placenta thus consist* ( 1 ) of a materna 

 part viz, a modified region on the wall of th 

 uterus and (2) of an embryonic part viz. par 

 of the allantois, fused to the sub-zonal membrane 

 and giving off vascular villi, Iwtween which am 

 the maternal blood the persistent outer wall of th 

 embryonic sac sometimes persists and mediates. 



The term 'chorion' has lecn used in so many 

 senses, that it seems advisable to abandon it. It 

 - In-st applied to tin- union of sub zonal membrane 

 and allantois ('true chorion'), or to the union of 

 ub-/.onal membrane and yolk-sac ( ' false chorion '). 

 The embryonic part of the placenta necessarily 

 comes away at birth, and sometimes the vascular 

 >art of the maternal placenta is also discharged 

 vhen the young is born. When this is the 

 case, the placenta is called 'deciduiite,' or better 

 caducous.' When the maternal part of the 

 >lacenta does not come away at birth the 

 ilacenta is called ' indeciduate, or better 'non- 

 laducous.' Of non-caducous placentation two 

 vinds are distinguished: Diffiue, when the villi 

 are scattered over the surface of the embryonic sac 

 in Manis among Edentates, in the dugong, in 

 Detacea, in most Ungulates except Ruminants, in 

 Lemon); Catyltdtmary, when the villi occur m 

 patches (in Ruminants). Of caducous placenta- 

 lion three kinds are distinguished : y.nnry, when 

 the villi form a partial or complete girdle round 

 the embryo (in Orycteropus and Dasy pus among 

 Edentates, in Elephants and Hyrax, in Camirora)| 

 LHscoidal, when the villi occur on a circular cake- 

 like disc (in most Edentates, in Insectivores and 

 Rate, in Rodents); Meta-discoidal, when the villi 

 are at first scattered, but are afterwards restricted 

 to a disc (in Monkeys and in Man). Sir William 

 Turner, the ' grand master of placental research,' 

 allots the lowest place to such diffuse forms of 

 placenta as that of the pig, but others maintain 

 that the discoidal type as illustrate*! in the Insecti- 

 vora is the most primitive. In Botany ' placenta ' 

 usually means the portion of the Ovary (q.v.) 

 which bears the ovules. See also AMNION, ALLAN- 

 TOIS, FOOTS, MAMMAL. 

 Placenza. See PIACENZA. 

 Placitlllll Rcgilim (called also Placet, Ext- 

 tjHiitur, l.i-((res 1'ntrntm) is an act or instrument 

 executed in virtue of the privilege claimed by the 

 government in certain kingdoms to exercise a 

 supervision over the communications of the Roman 

 pontiff with the clergy and people of those king 

 doms, and to suspend or prevent the publication of 

 any brief, bull, or other papal instrument which 

 may appear to contravene the laws of the kingdom, 

 or to compromise the public interest. The early 

 Christian emperors, it is well known, freely 

 extended their legislation into the affaire of the 

 church ; and one constant cause of conflict between 

 chinch and state in the med'uevul period was the 

 attempt on the part of the sovereigns to control 

 the free intercourse of the pope. In the Pragmatic 

 Sanction in France, and in the similar legislation 

 of Spain, Portugal, Sicily, and the Low Coin, 

 during the 15th century, the claims of the state 

 are asserted ; and among the so-called ' liliei i 

 of the later Gallican Church (q.v.) was a certain 

 subjection to the state in this particular. But it 

 was in the (ierman states that the claim was most 

 formally emlodied in the constitutional law. In 

 Kngland the statute of Pnemunire (q.v.) was an 

 example of the same tendency. 



Placoid Fishes, an order of fishes, in the 

 classification projHised by Agassiz, characterised by 

 having /,liir<iul (Cr. ftlax, 'a broad plate ') wales, 

 irregular plates of hard bone, not Imbricated, but 

 placed near together in the skin. They are all 

 Cartilaginous Fishes (q.v.). See STALKS. 

 Plagal. See PLAIN-SONI:. 

 Plagioclasc. See FKLSPAK. 

 Plaiciostom ata. See CARTILAGINOUS 

 FISHES. 



Plague, a term used in the middle ages of all 

 fatal epidemics indiscriminately, but now restricted 



