PLANAHIAN 



PLANE 



215 



were derived from, though it is not certain that 

 they were identical with, the Greek diatonic scales, 

 after which they have been named. The principle 

 of their formation is that each of the seven natural 

 sounds of the diatonic scale forms the keynote, or 

 ' final ' of a mode, which embraced that note and 

 the seven above it. (The melodies rarely exceeded 

 an octave, and no flats or sharps are found except 

 an occasional B flat.) This would give us seven 

 modes ; but to each of these is attached another, 

 in which the melody, while having the same final 

 or keynote, instead of ascending to the octave 

 above, ranges from the fourth below it to the fifth 

 above. The former are called the authentic modes, 

 the latter plagal. The difference of the modes, 

 and the effect of the melodies in them, is owing, 

 it will l>e noticed, to the various positions of the 

 two semitones in the scales. The difference be- 

 tween an authentic and a plagal melody may be 

 illustrated from two psalm-tunesNewton or New 

 London, and the Old Hundredth, in the first of 

 which the melody lies between the keynote and 

 its octave, but in the other between the fourth 

 below and the fifth above the keyhole. But while 

 the whole fourteen modes are enumerated, for the 

 .sake of completeness in theory, two of them are 

 universally rejected in practice as defective the 

 two having B as their keynote. The modes are, 

 then, arranged in pairs as follows. The 1st or 

 Dorian (authentic) embraces the notes from D on 

 the middle line of the bass stave to the D alx>ve, 

 and has its keynote on D ; the 2d or Hypo-dorian 

 (plagal) has the same keynote, but its compass is 

 from the A below to the A above it ; the 3d or 

 Phrygian (authentic) and its corresponding plagal 

 mode, the 4th or Hypo-phrygian, have similarly 

 their keynotes on the E of the third space of the 

 bass stave ; the 5th or Lydian and 6th or Hypo- 

 lydian have F for final ; the 7th or Mixo-lydian 

 and 8th or Hypo-mixo-lydian have G ; the 9th or 

 .Kolian and 10th or Hypo-ieolian end on A ; then 

 come the rejected modes on B, styled the Mixo- 

 locrian and Hypo-mixo-jocrian ; tlien the Ionian 

 or lastian and Hypo-ionian or Hypo-iastian on C, 

 numbered variously as llth and 12th, or 13th and 

 14th, according to the rejection or inclusion of the 

 two preceding. The Ionian is the modern major 

 mode. St Ambrose's arrangement of the melodies 

 was said to have been confined to the 1st, 3d, 5th, 

 and 7th modes (authentic); while the relative 

 plagal modes, 2d, 4th, 6th, and 8th, were added by 

 8t Gregory. In these are written the correspond- 

 ingly numbered eight psalm tones ; the Peregrine 

 Tone, used only for the psalm In exilu Israel, is in 

 the 9th mode. The other modes were finally added 

 in the 8th century under Charlemagne. Each 

 mode has its reciting note, or Dominant not to be 

 confounded with the modern term in harmony. 



Various specimens of plain-song hymn melodies 

 will be found in Hymns Ancient and Modern e.g. 

 No. 14, the vesper hymn of St Ambrose, ' O Lux 

 beata Trinitas ; and No. 96, the hymn of Fortun- 

 atus, 'Vexilla Regis prodeunt," which may l>e 

 studied in a different treatment by Gonuod in 

 the ' March to Calvary ' in his Redemption. 



See the Rev. Thomas Helmore's Manual, Brief 

 Directory, and Primer of Plain-song; various articles 

 by Mr W. S. Rockstro in Grove's Dictionary of ittaic ; 

 nd the Hayittrr C/ioralu, by Kev. F. X. Haherl ( trans. 

 by Rev. N. Donnelly, Katislwn, 1877). An edition of 

 the official Roman Dirtctoriim wag printed in 1874, 

 lso at Ratisbon, by Puatet. See also the article 

 HAKMOST. 



Planarian, a term practically co-extensive 

 with Tnrliellarian, and applicable to the members of 

 the lowest class (Turbellaria) of worm-like animals. 

 Thpy live in fresh and salt water and sometimes 

 in damp earth. They are unjointed ' worms ' with 



a ciliated skin ; the food-canal is often branched, 

 but has no posterior opening ; from the simple brain 

 two lateral nerves extend backwards ; the body- 

 cavity is undeveloped ; there are no respiratory or 

 circulatory organs ; the excretory system consists 

 of branching tubes ending in ciliated cells ; all 

 but two genera are hermaphrodite. Their sim- 

 plicity is well illustrated by the fact that some 

 multiply by dividing into two, while a fragment 

 of others may re-grow the whole. In Microstoma 

 lineare a temporary chain of eight or sixteen 

 individuals is sometimes formed by budding. In 

 diet they are carnivorous, but a few are parasitic 

 suggesting the next class of Trematodes. As 

 illustrative genera we may note Planaria, in fresh 

 water ; Vortex and Convoluta, with green species 

 ( the colour being probably due to partner Algae ) ; 

 Gunda, with hints of segmentation ; Microstoma 

 and Stenostoma, the two unisexual genera ; Grallilla 

 and Anoplodium, parasitic ; Bipalium and Geodes- 

 iiius, on land ; Craloidana and Ctenoplana, in some 

 ways suggestive of tne Coolenterate Ctenophora. 



Planch^, JAMES ROBINSON, playwright, archae- 

 ologist, and herald, was born in London, 27th 

 February 1796, the son of a watchmaker of Hugue- 

 not descent. His first extravaganza, Amoroso, was 

 produced at Drury Lane Theatre in 1818, and 

 others soon followed. In 1823 he designed for 

 Charles Kemble the dresses and appointments for 

 the play of King John, and afterwards for other 

 Shakespearian productions. In 1824 he wrote 

 English words for Weber's Der Freischiitz, and in 

 1826 for Oberon ; and in the period following 1831, 

 when he was engaged by Madame Vestris at the 

 Olympic, nearly 200 dramatic pieces came from his 

 pen the most adaptations, but a large number 

 original dramas (e.g. Charles XII. ) and extrava- 

 ganzas. Of the latter five volumes were published 

 in 1880. In 1843 he helped to found the British 

 Archaeological Association, and for many years he 

 contributed valuable papers to the proceedings of 

 the Society of Antiquaries. In 1854 he was made 

 Rouge Croix Pursuivant, and in 1866 Somerset 

 Herald ; in 1872 he received a civil list pension of 

 j200 a year. He died 29th May 1880. 



Among Planche's works, besides two histories of British 

 costume and a Cyclopedia of Cottume, are his Intro- 

 duction to Heraldry (18th ed. 1866) ; Regal Records, or a 

 Chronicle of the Coronaliimt of the Queens Regnant of 

 England ( 1838) ; The 1'unuivant of Arms ( 3d ed. 1874); 

 and The Conqueror and hit Companions (2 vols. 1874). 

 See his Recollections and Reflections (2 vols. 1872). 



Plancliette, a thin heart-shaped piece of wood 

 mounted on three props, two of which are furnished 

 with castors, and one is a pencil which may be 

 made to trace characters on a sheet of paper by 

 resting the lingers upon the instrument, and thus 

 almost insensibly steering it in any direction 

 required. Its use is as a supposed medium for 

 spiritualistic communications ; and it is obvious 

 with what ease an instrument so sensitive to move- 

 ment may be manipulated so as to startle the 

 credulous into l>elief. See, however, the Proceed- 

 ings of the Psychical Society (1888, &c.). 



Plane ( Platanus), the sole genus of trees of the 

 natural order Platanaceae. The species of plane 

 are few ; natives of temperate climates in the 

 northern hemisphere ; tall trees, with deciduous 

 large palmate leaves and smooth whitish bark, 

 which annually scales off in large pieces. The 

 Oriental Plane (P. orientalis), a native of Greece 

 and the East, was planted by the Greeks and the 

 Romans as an ornamental tree, no other tree, 

 indeed, commanding equal admiration ; and for 

 centuries the youth of Greece assembled under its 

 shade in the groves of Academus to receive lessons 

 in nhilosophy. The plane is still planted for shade 



