PLUMAGE 



PLURALISM 



247 



Bokharensis), cultivated in Cashmere and Bokhara, 

 is regarded as a distinct species. The Cherry Plum, 

 or Myrobalan Plum (P. cerasifera or Myrobalanus), 

 is a bush very similar to the sloe, with pendulous 

 globular red fruit. It is a native of North America, 

 but is often cultivated for its fruit on the continent 

 of Europe. In Britain it seldom produces fruit. 

 P. nun-it linn is a shrub, indigenous to sandy soils 

 on the seacoast of North America from Massa- 

 chusetts to Alabama. It has a dark-purple agree- 

 able fruit, about the size of a pigeon's egg. Other 

 native American species are P. chickasa, the Chicka- 

 saw Plum, a shruo or small tree of the southern 

 states ; P. americana, a bushy tree ranging from 

 Canada to Georgia ; and P. glandulosa, of Texas, 

 which is less than a foot high, and has crooked 

 thorny branches. 



The Cocoa Plum or Icaco of the West Indies is 

 the fruit of Chrysobalanits icaco, a tree of the 

 natural order Rosacere, sub-order Chrysobalaneze. 

 The fruit resembles a plum, has a sweet although 

 slightly austere taste, and is eaten both raw and 

 preserved. The fruit of Parinarium excelsum, 

 another of the Chrysobalanese, is called Gray Plum 

 at Sierra Leone. The term plum is used loosely 

 for the Date Plum (q.v.) ; and plum or plumb was 

 a word once current for 100,000. 



Plumage. See BIRD, and FEATHERS. 



Plumbagineie, or PLUMBAGINACE*, a natu- 

 ral order of exogenous plants, herbaceous or half- 

 ahrubby, to which belong about 160 known species, 

 chiefly found on the seashores and in the salt 

 marshes of temperate regions. Some are found 

 also in elevated regions in all zones. Many have 

 flowers of great beauty, ami are therefore favourites 

 in gardens. Some are occasionally used in medi- 

 cine as tonics and astringents ; others, being ex- 

 ceedingly acrid, as vesicants, particularly species 

 of Plumbago. Thrift, or Sea-pink (q.v.), is the 

 most familiar British example of the order. Statice 

 ctirolintana, a native of the United States, and 

 there known by the name ' Marsh Rosemary,' is 

 extremely bitter and astringent, and is used in 

 domestic medicine for ulcerations of the mouth. 

 Its most abundant principle is tannic acid, of 

 which it contains I-.M per cent. Along with this 

 it gives a peculiar gum and extractive volatile oil, 

 resin, caoutchouc, colouring matter, lignin, and 

 various salts. Sea- lavender (Statice Limonium) 

 an inhabitant of the coasts of England, generally, 

 but rather rarely so, of the Scottish coasts, com- 

 mon, however, on the western coasts of Europe, the 

 Mediterranean, and western Asia, appearing also 

 on the seashore of South America and of the 

 Carol inas has the same qualities as the preceding. 



Plumbago. See BLACK LEAD. 



Plumb~er-work. See BUILDING, SANITA- 

 TION, SEWAGE, WATER-SUPPLY. 



Plume-bird, a term sometimes given to the 

 Epiniachidie or Long-tailed Birds of Paradise ( q. v. ). 



Pluminer's Pills. See GUAIACUM. 



Plumptre* EDWARD HAVES, was born in 

 London, August 6, 1821, and educated privately 

 and at University College, Oxford, graduating 

 with a double first-class in 1844. The same year 

 he was elected fellow of Brasenose College. He 

 became chaplain at King's College, London, in 

 1847, and afterwards professor of New Testament 

 Exegesis there. In 1863 he was given a prebend 

 of St Paul's, and from 1875 to 1877 ne was principal 

 of Queen's College, Harley Street. He was select 

 preacher at both universities, Boyle Lecturer in 

 1806-67, and one of the Old Testament Company 

 for the Revision of the Bible. In 1869 he was 

 presented to the rectory of Pluckley in Kent, which 

 lour years after he exchanged for the vicarage of 



Bickley, and in 1881 he was installed Dean of 

 Wells. He received the D.D. degree from Glasgow 

 in 1875. He died after a short illness, February 1, 

 1891. Of his numerous contributions to theology 

 may here be named King's College Sermons ( 1860), 

 his Boyle Lectures, Christ and Christendom (1867), 

 Biblical Studies (1870), Exposition of the Epistles 

 to the Seven Churches of Asia ( 1877), Introduction 

 to the New Testament (1883), and The Spirits in 

 Prison (1884), in which he spoke out eloquently 

 his belief iu the Wider Hope and an Inter- 

 mediate State of Probation. He contributed 

 Proverbs to the Speaker's Commentary ; Matthew, 

 Mark, Luke, Acts, and 2 Corinthians to Bishop 

 Ellicott's New Testament Commentary for English, 

 Readers, as well as Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Lamen- 

 tations to the same editor's Old Testament Com- 

 mentary ; Ecclesiastes, James, 1 and 2 Peter, and 

 Jude to the Cambridge Bible for Schools ; and 1 

 and 2 Timothy to Dr Schaffs Popular Commen- 

 tary on the New Testament. Besides these, his 

 contributions to Smith's Dictionaries and the theo- 

 logical and literary journals were numberless. 

 Dean Plumptre's name is also widely known by his 

 admirable verse translations of Sophocles (1865), 

 JEschylus (1868), and the Commedia of Dante in 

 the metres of the original (1886); as well as by 

 several volumes of original verse, among them 

 Lazarus (1864), Master and Scholar (1866), and 

 Things New and Old ( 1884 ). His Life and Letters 

 of Bishop Ken ( 1886) is less happy. 



PIlllIl-l>II<lding. This national English dish 

 is an example of the happy results of the law of 

 evolution. The ' plumb-porridge ' which delighted 

 our ancestors has been drained and dried and 

 squeezed into the moulds of civilisation, and few 

 will doubt the 'survival of the fittest' among its 

 ingredients. It is not known when the change 

 from porridge to pudding actually took place. 

 In Hudibras we find a mention of ' minced pies 

 and plumb-porridge.' Addison in the Tatler 

 speaks of both as the ' first parts of the dinner ; ' 

 and in the Spectator, No. 269, plumb-porridge is 

 mentioned as eaten on Christmas Day. Southey 

 in his Omniana, vol. i. p. 7, quotes a recipe 

 for plum-pudding as given in French by the 

 Chevalier d'Arvieux, who in 1658 made a voyage 

 in an English forty -gun ship. This pudding was 

 directed to be boiled in meat broth, and when 

 dished up to be covered with grated cheese. In 

 the earlier collections of recipes we find nothing of 

 the kind, unless a hint of plum-porridge be dis- 

 cerned in the mixture called Rape, a posset of 

 ' raissins of corans ' with ' swet wyne ' and ' crustes 

 of bred. ' A recipe for this, is given in A Noble 

 Boke off Cookry (ed. Napier, p. 109), which must 

 have been written out in the loth century, but was 

 then probably copied from one of a much earlier date. 



For a modern recipe the following may be taken : 

 Plum-pudding J Ib. beef suet, J Ib. raisins 

 currants, 4 ID. sultanas, J Ib. mixed peel, J . 



bread-crumbs, J Ib. flour, one lemon, ^ Ib. moist 

 sugar, four eggs, one gill of milk, one wineglass 

 of brandy, two oz. almonds, half a nutmeg, a little 

 salt. Chop the suet finely, stone the raisins, clean 

 and pick the currants, blanch and chop the 

 almonds, cut the candied peel in thin shreds. Mix 

 all very well together. Turn into a well-greased 

 basin, cover with a cloth, and boil for four hours, 

 or, letter, steam for twelve hours. Serve with 

 brandy or sweet sauce. 



Plnmstead. See ERITH. 



Pliimiilaria, a genus of Hydrozoa (q.v.) be- 

 longing to the division Hydroidea. 



Plumule. See SEED. 



l'lni"ilisiil. the holding of more than one office 

 at the same time. Persons in power have often 



