PO 



POACHING 



inflammation in the lung has the same relation to 

 the disease as the ulcers in the intestines to typhoid 

 fever, or the inflamed throat to scarlet fever. In 

 1882 Friedliinder described a form of micrococcus 

 as occurring in the lungs in pneumonia. But it 

 is doubtful whether it w always present in this 

 disease, and it is sometimes found in oilier con- 

 ditions. It must at present be regarded as an open 

 question whether it is really a simple inflamma- 

 tion, with accompanying febrile disturliance, or a 

 disease analogous to" the infectious fevers, with a 

 special local manifestation in the lungs. 



The recognised treatment of pneumonia passed 

 through curiously varied phases during the 

 19th century. Free and repeated bleedings, with 

 extensive use of mercury, in vogue during the 

 earlier decades, were superseded about the 

 middle of the century by equally extensive ad- 

 ministration of alcoholic stimulants. But it was 

 gradually discovered that many cases recover 

 perfectly with no other treatment than careful 

 nursing ; and the usual practice in recent times 

 has been to assign to drugs only a sul>ordinate 

 place. Rest in bed in the recumbent position ; 

 a plentiful supply of fluid nourishment ; light 

 poultices, or a tmcK layer of cotton-wool, over the 

 affected part, are often all that is necessary in a 

 young and healthy subject. Severe pain may be 

 combated by mustard poultices, blistering, or 

 leeching ; or it may require anodynes for its 

 relief ; sleeplessness, excessive rise of temperature, 

 troublesome cough, or aggravation of any other 

 symptom may require sj>ecial treatment. The 

 danger most to be feared in this disease, however, 

 is generally weakness of the heart ; and to patients 

 of feeble constitution or advanced age stimulants 

 digitalis, ammonia, alcohol, &c. are usually 

 administered, often in large and frequent doses. 

 See Sturges and Couplaml, History aiul Relations 

 of Pneumonia (2d ed. 1890). 



Po (anc. Eridaniu and Padus), the largest river 

 of Italy, rises on Monte Viso, one of the Cottian 

 Alps, at an altitude of 6405 feet, close to the French 

 frontier. It Hows eastward for upwards of 20 miles, 

 when, arriving before Saluzzo, it emerges from its 

 rocky defiles and enters upon the plain. From 

 Saluzzo it flows north north-east past Turin to 

 Chivasso ; there it changes its course toward the 

 east, in which direction it (lows to its embouchure 

 in the Adriatic. Cpwards of 55 miles from ito 

 mouth, above Ferrara, it logins to form its delta, 

 60 miles wide from north to south. The delta is 

 growing rapidly in area. Kavenna, a city once on 

 the seashore, now stands 4 miles inland. The Po 

 receives from the left the Ticino, Adda. Mincip, 

 and other streams, anil from the right the Trebhia 

 and others. It has an entire length of 300 mill's, 

 and drains an area of nearly 28,900 sq. in. Below 

 I'iacenza its stream has from pre-Koman days been 

 embanked in some places with double embank- 

 ment" ; and the bed is now high above the plain. 

 It how always IM-CJI dilliciilt to cross, owing I 

 width and,' still more, the great volume of its 

 waters; hence the strategic and com n-inl im- 

 portance of such places us Piacen/ji and Turin, 

 where the easiest fords are. 



I'oareir. See GRASSES, PASTURE. 



Fondling, though not strictly a legal term, 

 has so long been appropriated in popular speech to 

 describe a well-known offence that it is now usually 

 adopted in legal works. It means trespassing on 

 another's lands in nursuit of game ; and it is like- 

 wise extended to the cognate offence of unlawfully 

 fishing in another's waters. 



(1) As to Punching C<itr. The general law as 

 to who is entitled to game, and in what circum- 

 stances, is stated under the head GAME-LAWS. In 



Kngland there are a Day Poaching Act and a Night 

 Poaching Act, imposing penalties on poachers. By 

 the Day Poaching Act, 1831, whoever unlawfully 

 goes upon lands not his own to pursue or kill Game 

 Iq.v.i, rabbits, woodcocks, snipe-, quails, or land- 

 rails is liable to a penalty of 2. Any IM-ISOII 

 whatever, whether interested in the lands or not, 

 may institute the proceedings for the punishment 

 of the poacher ; and the informer is entitled to half 

 tin- penalty, the other half going to the ]>oor of the 



Ipaii-h. When a poacher is found trespassing on 

 .mils in si-arch of game the person entitled to the 

 game there, or the tenant, or a gamekeeper or 

 servant of either may demand the jMiaelu-r'- name 

 and place of abode, and if it is refused may arrest 

 such poacher, and take him before a justice of the 

 peace; but the poacher must be taken within 

 twelve hours before the justice, otherwise he is 

 entitled to go at large. In such a case a penalty 

 of ."> may be inflicted. If game 1* found on the 

 poacher at the time he is caught, and it appear to 

 have been newly caught, the party who is entitled 

 to arrest him is entitled to seize tin- ^ame also. If 

 the poacher when convicted do not pay the penalty 

 within the time fixed by the justices, he may be 

 committed to the house of correction for a ]>eriod 

 not exceeding two calendar months. The party 

 may appeal against his conviction to the Court of 

 Quarter Sessions ; but he must either remain in 

 custody in the interval, or give security for the 

 costs. The offence of poaching is punished more 

 severely when five or more go out together, and in 

 such case each is liable to a penalty of 5. More- 

 over, if any of these five or more persons, acting in 

 concert, l>e armed with a gun, and use \iolence, 

 each is liable to an additional penalty of 5. By 

 the Night Poaching Act, 1828, which applies to 

 the United Kingdom, it is provided that any per- 

 son by night i.e. between the first hour after sun- 

 set and the first hour before sunrise unlawfully 

 trespassing in search of game shall for a first 

 offence l>e committed by the justices to the house 

 of correction for a period not exceeding three 

 months ; for a second offence shall be committed 

 for a period not exceeding six months, the con- 

 victed person being in each case liable to a further 

 term of imprisonment on failure to give securities 

 at the end of his sentence ; and for a third offence 

 shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and lie liable to 

 penal servitude or two years' imprisonment. In 

 case such night-poachers are found on the lands 

 and in the act, the owner or occupier of the land 

 or his servants may arrest the poachers, and take 

 them before justices. If the night poacher, when 

 arrested, use firearms, sticks, or offensive weapons, 

 he shall In- guilty of a misdemeanour, and be 

 punishable by penal servitude or two years' im- 

 prisonment. In cose of three or more night -poachers 

 being armed with gnus, bludgeons, or other nll'eii- 

 sive weapons, each is guilty of a misdemeanour, 

 and is liable to penal servitude or imprisonment 

 for three years. The provisions of the Night 

 hing Act were, by the amending Act of 1M t, 

 extended to public roads and highways, it having 

 lieen found that the original act was evaded, and 

 the risk of murder greatly increased by poachers 



frequenting such places. 

 Und 



tier the former law it was, as already men- 

 tioned, incompetent for any person except the 

 owner or occupier of the lands or their servants to 

 apprehend the poacher, and even this could be done 

 only when the poacher was caught in the act on 

 the' lands ; and hence even constables hail no power 

 to seize the poacher, though seen to I coming from 

 such lands. But by the Poaching Prevention Act, 

 1862, which applies to the United Kingdom, it 

 a constable meets a suspected poacher in any 

 public place, whom he has reason to suspect of 



