POMADE 



POMERANIA 



303 



temperate and colder regions of the northern 

 hemisphere ; they are rare in very warm climates, 

 and are not found at all in the southern hemisphere. 

 They have the botanical characters described in the 

 article Rosacefe (q.v. ), and in addition are distin- 

 guished by having the tube of the calyx more or 

 less globose, the ovary fleshy and juicy, lined with 

 a thin disc, its carpels adhering more or less to the 

 Bides of the calyx and to each other ; the fruit a 

 Pome (q.v.), 1- to 5-celled, in a few instances spuri- 

 ously 10-celled ; the ovules in pairs, collateral. 

 Many of the species are prized for the beauty and 

 fragrance of their (lowers, some produce valuable 

 timber ; but the order is chiefly remarkable as pro- 

 ducing a numl>er of the very finest fruits of tem- 

 perate climates. See APPLE, PEAR, QUINCE, 

 MEDLAR, LOQUAT, HAWTHORN, CRAT^EGUS, AME- 

 ILANCHIER, ROWAN TREE, SERVICE. There are 

 about 200 known species. 



Pomade, or POMATUM, is a preparation of fine 

 inodorous fat, such as lard or suet, used instead of 

 liquid oil for the hair. It may be perfumed with 

 various essences. 



Poinhal, SEBASTIAN JOSEPH DE CARVALHO E 

 MKLLO, MARQUIS OF, the greatest of Portuguese 

 statesmen, was born 13th May 1699, at the castle 

 nf Soure, near Coimbra. In 1739 he was appointed 

 ambassador in London, and six years later was 

 sent to Vienna in a similar capacity. Just l>efore 

 Joseph I. ascended the throne of Portugal ( 1750), 

 Pombal was appointed secretary for foreign affairs. 

 Among his first acts was to re-attach to the crown 

 a number of domains that had been unjustly alien- 

 ated. When the great earthquake happened at 

 Lisbon in 1755 Pombal displayed great calmness 

 and fertile resource, so that next year the king 

 made him prime-minister. He crushed a revolt 

 instigated by the great nobles and the Jesuits, and 

 in 1759 banished the latter from the kingdom. 

 Then he abolished slavery in Portugal, set himself 

 to establish good elementary schools, and published 

 a new code of laws. Besides this, he effected the 

 reorganisation of the army, the introduction of 

 fresh colonists into the Portuguese settlements, the 

 establishment of an East India Company, and 

 another for Brazil. The tyranny of the Inquisition 

 was broken. Agriculture, commerce, and the lin- 

 ances were all improved. In 1758 he had been 

 made Count of Oeyras, and in 1770 he was created 

 Marquis of Pombal. On the accession of Joseph's 

 daughter, Maria I. (in 1777), who was under clerical 

 influence, Pombal, who had himself been high- 

 handed, if not despotic, especially towards the 

 Church, was banished frorrt court, while many of 

 hi- institutions were abolished. He died at his 

 castle of Pombal, 8th May 1782. 



See Life by O. Moore (1819) ; John Smith, Memoirs 

 nf I'omlMl (2 vols. 1843); Carnota, Afarr/nis Pombal 

 ( Eng. trims. 1871 ) ; and Carayon, Prisons du Marquit 

 nlial his diary ( Paris, 1865). 



Pome ( Lat. pomiim, ' apple '), the form of Fruit 

 (q.v.) produced by the Pomacese (q.v.) a fleshy, 

 indehiscent, syncarpous fruit, with calyx attached. 



Pomegranate (Punica grrmatum), a fruit 

 much cultivated in warm countries, and apparently 

 a native of the warmer temperate parts of Asia, 

 perhaps also of the north of Africa. It has been 

 cultivated in Asia from the most ancient times, and 

 is frequently mentioned in the Old Testament. It 

 has long been naturalised in the south of Europe. 

 In a wild state the plant is a thorny bush, in 

 cultivation it is a low tree, with twiggy branches, 

 (lowers at the extremities of the branches, the calyx 

 red, the petals scarlet. It is generally referred to 

 tin- natural order Myrtaceie. The calyx is leathery, 

 tabular, 5- to 7-cleft; there are 5 to 7 crumpled petals ; 

 the fruit (technically called balausta) is as large 



as a medium-sized orange, having a thick leathery 

 rind of a fine golden yellow, with a rosy tinge 

 on the sunny side, not bursting when ripe ; the 

 cells filled with numerous seeds, each of which is 

 surrounded with pulp, and separately enclosed in 

 a thin membrane ; tne upper and lower series of 

 carpels being differently attached. Thus the pome- 

 granate appears to be formed of a great number of 

 reddish berries packed together and compressed 



Pomegranate (Punica granatum). 



into irregular angular forms. The pulp is sweet, 

 sometimes subacid, and of a pleasant delicate 

 flavour, very cooling, and particularly grateful in 

 warm climates. It is often used for the prepara- 

 tion of cooling drinks. A kind of pomegranate 

 without seeds is cultivated and much prized in 

 India and Persia. Pomegranates have long been 

 imported in small quantities into Britain from 

 Portugal and the north of Africa, but have never 

 become an article of general demand and com- 

 mercial importance like -oranges. There is an 

 ornamental variety of the pomegranate with double 

 flowers. The rind of the fruit is very astringent, 

 and a decoction is used as a gargle in relaxed sore 

 throat, and as a medicine in diarrhoea, dysentery, 

 &c. Deriving its astringency from tannin, it is 

 used to tan leather. The finest Morocco leather 

 is said to l>e tanned with it, and small quantities 

 are imported into Britain from the north of Africa 

 for the preparation of the finest kinds of leather, 

 under the name of Pomegranate Baric. The bark 

 of the roots is used as an anthelmintic, and is often 

 successfully administered in cases of tapeworm. 

 It contains a peculiar principle called punicin, 

 having the appearance of an oleo-resin, an acrid 

 taste, and affecting the nostrils like Veratria(q.v.). 

 Its value was known to the ancients, and it baa 

 long been in use in India. The pomegranate tree 

 is occasionally cultivated in hothouses or green- 

 houses in Britain. It bears the winters of the 

 latitude of London in the open air, and is very 

 ornamental, but the fruit is worthless. In some 

 parts of the south of Europe it is used as a hedge- 

 plant. In northern Mexico it grows to great per- 

 fection, and in some of the southern states of the 

 American Union ; even as far north as New York 

 it will, if protected in winter, bear fruit, and in 

 some seasons ripen it. 



Pomerania (Ger. Pommem), a province of 

 Prussia, bounded N. by the Baltic, E. by West 

 Prussia, S. by Brandenburg, and W. by Mecklen- 

 burg. Area,' 11,620 sq. m. It is one of the lowest 

 and flattest regions in Germany, and has few hills 

 of even moderate height, but numerous lakes and 

 ponds. The river Oder divides Hither Pomerania 

 (next Mecklenburg) from Farther Pomerania. The 

 shores of the latter are lined with sand-dunes. 

 The islands of Wollin and Usedom form the 

 northern side of the Stettiner Haff ( Lagoon ) ; and 

 farther to the north-west lies the island of Rttgen. 

 Pomerania is essentially an agricultural province, 

 more than 55 per cent, of the total area being 

 in tillage, whilst meadows cover another 19$ per 



