PORTUGAL 



work* have since then been carried out at a >.-! of 

 2,300.000, which have increased tlie area to a 

 total of 293 acre>. Of this immense naval estab- 

 li-linicnt the most noteworthy, if not the most 

 recent, features are the mast and ro|>e houses, 

 hemp-stores, rigging-stora, Hail-loft, ami the dry- 

 docks, spacious enough to admit the largest vessels, 

 and ollering every facility for their sjieedy repair. 

 The twelve docks, 22 to 36 feet deep, are Fined 

 with solid masonry, roofed over, and closed by 

 lock-gates. Of the various building-slips, one of 

 them, roofed and covered in, is so large that three 

 or four vessels can be in process of construction 

 under it at the same time. The Wood Mills con- 

 tain a number of most ingenious block-making 

 machines, the invention of Sir Isambard Brunei 

 (q.v. ), in which rough timber, introduced at one end, 

 is cut, squared, drilled, bored, and turned into the 

 required shape. About 150,000 blocks are made 

 here annually, and the machines require the attend- 

 ance of no more than four men. In the smithy 

 anchors are forged by aid of a Nasmyth's hammer. 



The dockyard also contains the residences of the 

 superintending officers, and a school of naval archi- 

 tecture. 



Portsmouth Harlionr, about 400 yards wide at 

 its entrance, expands into a spacious "basin, extend- 

 ing inland for about 4 miles, and having a breadth 

 of 3 miles along its northern shore. Large war- 

 vessels can enter and lie at anchor at all times of 

 the tide, there being 4 fathoms of water in the 

 channel at low water. The outward entrance is 

 defended by Forts Monckton and (iilkicker, and 

 Southsea Castle. The position of this harlioiir is 

 highly favourable. It is situated in the middle of 

 the channel, clime to the magnificent anchorage of 

 Spithead, where 1000 shi|>s of the line may ride 

 without inconvenience, ami is under shelter of the 

 Isle of Wight, and opposite the French arsenal of 

 Cherbourg. 



The local trade of Portsmouth is chiefly sup- 

 ported by the dockyard and other public establish- 

 ment*. Brewing is largely carried on. Coals, 

 potatoes, corn, and timber are imported from 

 British coasts, and potatoes, granite, corn, timber, 

 cattle, and wine from abroad. The only exports 

 are pottery (shipped at Fareham) ana coal-tar 

 pitch. 



The importance of this port dates only from the 



of llrnrv VIII. lu defences were commenced 

 >>v Kdward IV. and strengthened by EliutU-tli, 

 and afterwards in a more thorough nmnncr by 

 William III. Here, in a house that still remains 

 in the High Stieet, ami which was then mi inn 

 called the 'Spotted Dog,' the Duke of Buckingham 

 (the ' Steenic ' of King James) was aseavsiimUNi l>v 

 John Felton. On the 29th of August 17V.'. when 

 its commander, Admiral KetnpenroUt, "it- writing 

 in liis cabin, the Royal George went down at Spit- 

 head, and nearly 1000 lives were lost. Charles 

 Dickens was In mi at 387 Mile End Terrace, 

 Commercial Koad, Landport, Portsea ; and other 

 worthies of Portsmouth have Ix-cn Walter Besant, 

 the younger Brunei, Jonas Hanway, Sir Frederick 

 Maililen, George Meredith, and John Pounds. 



See L. Allen's History of I'orltmouOi (1817), II. 

 Slight's Vhroniclti of forttmouth (1828), H. P. Wriclifs 

 Stiiry of the ' Domul Dei' or Garruon Churrh (187S), 

 W. H. Sannders' Annuls of Portsmouth (1880), and 

 Murrell and East's Extracti from Porttmoutti Beeordt 

 (1884). 



Portsmouth. ( 1 ) the metro- 

 polis and only seaport of New 

 Hampshire, is on the south dank 

 of the Piscataqna River, 3 miles 

 from the Atlantic, and 57 miles 

 by rail NNE. of Boston. Built 

 on a lieautiful peninsula, over- 

 looking a capacious and deep har- 

 bour, with smooth rock bottom, 

 it is a handsome old town, many 

 of its streets lined with shade- 

 trees, and is a favourite summer 

 resort. It has a custom-house, 

 and some shipbuilding is siill 

 carried on ; the manufactures in- 

 clude cotton, hosiery, shoes, iron- 

 castings, and beer. At Kittery, 

 on an island opposite, is a United 

 States navy-yard, with large ship- 

 houses and a floating balance- 

 dock, 350 feet long by 105 wide, 

 with twenty-four pumps. Ports- 

 mouth was settled in 1623, and 

 was capital of the state till 1807. 

 Pop. (1900) 10,637. (2) Capital 

 of Scioto county, Ohio, stands 

 among hills in an iron region, on 

 the Ohio Hiver, at the mouth nf 

 the Scioto, and at the south ter- 

 minus of the Ohio Canal, 106 miles by rail KSE. of 

 Cincinnati. It has several iron-foundries, rolling- 

 mills, stone-mills, and sawmills, and manufactures 

 stoves, nails, steel springs, furniture, machinery, 

 boots, &c. Pop. (1900) 17,870. (3) A city and port 

 of Virginia, on the Elizabeth River, opposite Nor- 

 folk. Gosport, with its navy-yard, &o. (see NOR- 

 FOLK), is a suburb. Portsmouth contains a dry- 

 dock and a naval hospital, and exports naval stores, 

 iron, lumber, cotton, and early vegetables for the 

 north. Formerly capital of Norfolk county, it is 

 now iodependent. Pop. (1900) 17,427. 

 Portsmouth, DUCHESS OF. See CHARLES II. 

 Port TowilKCIld. capital of Jefferson county, 

 Washington, is on 1'iigei, Sound, near Juan de Fuca 

 Stiait. |J miles NN\V. of Seattle. H has a good 

 hailiuur. and is an important I'niU'd Suites cus- 

 toms station ; it is of great strategic importance, 

 and is well fortified. The industries include shops, 

 foundries, &c. Pop. ( 1900) :m:t. 



Portllffal. a kingdom of Europe, on the west 

 side of tin- Iberian Peninsula, stretches 350 miles 

 Ix-tween 36 59' and 42 8' N. lat., and varies in 

 width from 70 to 140 miles between 6 10' and 9 

 31' W. long. Its eastern and northern boundaries 

 are Spain, it- western and southern the Atlantic 



