roKTI (i.XI. 



y*n of ge is liable for ten-ice in the army. 

 Twelve year* is the period of -mi... three years 

 with the colours and nine in the reserve. On tin' 

 peace footing the army embrace* in all iil-.m 

 33,000 men ; the war strength in about 150,000 

 men of all arms. The fleet consists .if 1 ironclad, 

 10 corvettes and screw-steamers. -I gunboats and 

 tranK|xiru, S torpedo boaU, 13 sailing vrs-cls, ami 

 7 training and coastguard 8hi|M, the whole manned 

 - t vilore and 250 ol'i. 



Jlrligiiiii, Education. Tin- state icljginn is tlint 



of tin- riiiix-li of I: e. lint toleiaiion is extended 



to all other creeds. There are three ecclesiastical 

 provinces prcsj.led mer liy the Cardinal Patriarch 

 of Lisbon, the Archbishop of liniga. who is primate 

 of the kingdom, and the Archbishop of Kvora ; 

 these dignitaries rule over fourteen bishops. The 

 monasteries cre dissolved in IS.<4, their properties, 

 yielding aliout one million sterling unniinlly, lieing 

 appropriated by the state. Education is superin- 

 tended liy a council, at the head of which i- the 

 mini-ter of the Interior, and is entirely free from 

 the supervision and control of the church. Com- 

 pulsory education was enacted in IH44, but is far 

 from being fully enforced, consequently Portugal 

 lags behind in education and general intel licence. 

 There are nearly 4000 elemental v schools, with 

 180,000 pupils ; "22 lyccum-, with 8200 pupils; 

 numerous private schools; polytechnic academies 

 at l.isUm and Oporto; and clerical, medical, agri- 

 cultural, naval, and military traioing-coboola, The 

 one university at Coimbra ( l.'K>), one of the oldest 

 in Europe, lias five faculties, 7"> professors, and 

 :ibout 900 students. Schools for training ill the 

 industrial arts are in great favour; there are 28 

 in the country, headed by larger institutes ut j 

 l.i-bon and ( iporto. Lisbon lias a learned society 

 (the Academy of Sciences), ami a public library 

 (1796) of 200,000 volumes. There are othe'r 

 libraries at Coimbra ( 1591 ), with 84,000 vols., and 

 at Oporto (1X33), with 100,000 vols. 



Constitution. Portugal in a constitutional mon- 

 archy, the crown lieing hereditary alike in the 

 female and the male line. The parliament, or 

 Carte*, consists of the House of Peers and the Hou.se ; 

 of Deputies. By a law of 1885 the former will, 

 when the necessary changes have Wen made, event- 

 ually consist of one hundred life members elected 

 by the king and fifty elected indirectly, live by 

 the university and scientific societies and forty- j 

 five by popufar electors. The Mouse of Deputies I 

 consists of 149 members, elected directly by all j 

 citizens above twenty-one years of age who possess , 

 certain <|ualilications of property or status. Parlia- 

 ments are elected every four years ; sessions last 

 three months in the year. The deputies are paid 

 1 Is. a day. The executive is wielded by a cabinet 

 of seven ministers, chosen by the premier (one of 

 the seven), who himself is selected by the king. 

 I'll.-. ! 'part menu are Interior.. I nsi ice. Public Works. 

 Finance, Marine and Colonies, War, and Foreign 

 .\llaii-. The sovereign also consults a council of 

 of not more than sixteen members, nomi- 

 nated for life, and generally including ex-ministers 

 and present ministers, .lust ice is administen-d by 

 rural magistrates in I iti district court*, in 3 courts 

 of apjieal (at Oporto. Lisbon, and Azores), and 

 in the supreme tribunal of the kingdom at Lislmn. ' 



1'i'i/ilf. The Portuguese are a mixed 

 originally Iberian or Basque, with later Celtic 

 admixture. Calician blond (derived from the 

 ancient Uallaici, presumably Callic invaders) 

 predominates in the north ; Jewish and Arabic 

 Uood art- strongly present in the centre, and 

 African in the south. The Portuguese differ 

 essentially from their Spanish brethren, whom they 

 regard with inveterate halted ami jealousy, mainly 

 on account of their past attempts to subvert the 



indc[>eiidence of Portugal. The opinions of ob- 



IN ditlcr a> (,, t| u . national traits of the people. 



They seem, however, to be generally sober, good- 



natured, obliging, and patriotic, but shiftless and 



dirty. Both LisUm and (>|>oiio have a population 



ding HMi.iKKl; no other town reaches 30,000. 



LislHin is the capital, Oporto the centre of the 



port-wine trade, and the chief town of northern 



Portugal. 



The colonial |KIS~, i,,n~ of Portugal are funnier 

 ated in the subjoined list : 



ArniCA- A~ to i. m. rup 



Cape Vcnlf Inland* ................... -1.4M 111 



MMcamliia (Gulm-a ' ................. J8 6,944 



HI TlioiiiaK ami Prim-c'n InUnd ........ 417 .!'<! 



AJ"<1* (furt. Guinea C<*kt) ............ IS* 70U 



AugoU (embracing the rtlitricu oft 

 Cangn or Anihriz, Loanda, Bonguela, Vsit.OOO 2,000,000 

 ud M . ...;. i) I 



Moninbique. ......................... (?)80,000 (7)600,000 



ASIA 



Gm( in India) ........................ l,m 



Din, Danian, 4c ....................... 1M S5.S1S 



Tinior ................................ ,20 I ........ 



lUcao(ii) China) ..................... 4| "O.OOO- 



Total ................. 401,001 S.OW.XM 



See Crawfurd, Portugal, Old and Nev (1880); and 

 Round the Calendar in Portugal ( 10 ) ; Aldama-Ayala'a. 

 Compendia ; Murray's Handbook ; {.',. ]{. Ixiring, A Year 

 in Portugal (1892); D. Quillinan, Journal of a Resi- 

 dence in Portugal ( 1895 ) ; Vaaooncellog, At Colonial Par- 

 tuguesat (18S7). 



HISTORY. Romans followed Carthaginians aa 

 conquerors (138 B.C. ) of the western Iberians and 

 Celts, Under Augustus the peninsula was divided 

 into three provinces, one of which, Liisiiania. has, 

 until quite recent times, been regarded as nearly 

 identical with the present kingdom of Portugal ; 

 but the Augustan province of Lusitania lay 

 wholly on the south side of the Tagus. The liis- 

 tory of Portugal was in early times coincident 

 with that of the Iberian Peninsula as a whole ; and, 

 along with the rest of the peninsula, Portugal was 

 thoroughly liomaniscd in the days of the empire. 

 After the Honmns withdrew, the peninsula was 

 overrun by Visigoths from the north, and at a 

 later ]>eriod by Saracens from the south. Under 

 Konian, Yisigothic, and Saracenic rule the poopte 

 were pro|>erous and well governed, but Ix-came 

 enervated by luxury and unwarlike ease, Alsmt 

 the middle of the ilth oratory northern Portugal 

 fell under the sway of Ferdinand I. of Castile. In 

 1094 Henry of IStirgundy, who had married a 

 natural daughter of Alfonso VI., son and successor 

 of Ferdinand, received from that monarch the 

 county of Portugal (from the Minim to the Tagusi 

 as a dependent lief. Under his widow, Theresa 

 ( 11 14-28) the country acquired a sense of national 

 unity and a certain measure of independence. 

 Their son, Alfonso I., made Portugal an in- 

 dependent kingdom (1143) through the victory 

 of a picked body of Portuguese knights o\er 

 a picked body of Castilian knights in a tourna- 

 ment and gained signal advantages over the 

 Arabs, whom he fought for twenty-five years, his 

 greatest exploit* being the victor)' in the plain 

 of Ourii|iie, in Alemtejo, in 1139, the capture ( with 

 the help of Knglish crusaders i of Lisbon in 1117, 

 and of Alcacer do Sal in 1158. The Burgundian 

 House, which continued in possession of the 

 throne for 440 years, gave to Portugal some 

 of its l>cst kings'. The immediate successors of 

 Alfonso I. were engaged in incessant wars against, 

 the Moslems and in severe straggles with the clergy 

 and nobles, who were always ready to combine 

 against the sovereign ; but. although often baffled 

 in their attempts to uphold the independence of the 

 crown, the dignity of the kingdom was, on the 

 whole, well maintained by the MpmmtaltW of 

 this family, who were, moreover, di>4ingiiished a 



